1.   The endoderm is divided into the foregut, midgut, and hindgut based on its vascular supply.    2.   The tongue’s complex muscular and nervous innervation is a result of its development from branchial…

   1.   The development of the urogenital system can conceptually be divided into its urinary portion and genital portion.    2.   Specific anesthetic considerations for patients with Wilms tumor include a thorough imaging evaluation…

   1.   About 45% to 75% of ulcerative colitis patients eventually need surgery. Indications are divided into emergency, urgent, and elective. Emergency procedures are done for life-threatening complications of fulminant colitis unresponsive…

   1.   Development of the vascular system starts in early embryogenesis.          •   Mesenchymal cells develop into hemangioblasts, some of which become angioblasts.          •   The formation of de novo vessels is referred to as vasculogenesis;…

   1.   The Monro–Kellie hypothesis states that the sum of all intracranial contents—brain and interstitial fluid (80%), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF; 10%), blood (10%)—remains constant.    2.   Maintenance of cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) is essential…

   1.   Fetal surgery is a rapidly evolving specialty with multiple fetal interventions being performed at different stages of pregnancy.    2.   Pregnancy results in various anatomic and physiologic changes that impact anesthetic management….

   1.   Liver tumors are rare in children and generally present as a painless mass.    2.   Hepatoblastoma is the most common liver tumor in children.    3.   Regional analgesia may be contraindicated in patients with…

   1.   Anesthesiologists remain in key position to protect and further advance patient safety.    2.   Patient safety organizations (PSOs) provide federally protected venue to accumulate patient safety information and make recommendations on a…

   1.   Equipment-related adverse events are rare. Even if equipment is faulty, user error or unfamiliarity often plays a part.    2.   Critically ill children with very noncompliant lungs require minimal circuit and ventilator…

   1.   Because pediatric anesthetics outside the operating room are performed with increasing frequency, it is important for any institution to have a system in place to meet the service needs and…