1.   In the past three decades, minimally invasive surgery has emerged as a mainstream technique in infants and children, even largely supplanting many commonly performed open operations.    2.   Potential advantages of a…

   1.   Classifying newborns by weight leads to overly optimistic conclusions regarding morbidity and mortality, because intrauterine growth-restricted newborns are developmentally more mature than their nonrestricted counterparts.    2.   All major organ systems of…

   1.   While many patients with a diagnosis of asthma have relatively uneventful anesthetics, all children who carry that diagnosis should be carefully and thoroughly evaluated prior to induction and plans made…

   1.   The four components of the motor unit are the motor neuron, the axon of that motor neuron, the neuromuscular junction, and the muscle fibers innervated by the dendrites of the…

   1.   Children should not be transported to the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) until they have a patent airway, adequate gas exchange, stable HR and BP, and SpO2 at or close to…

   1.   Informed consent is the process by which adult patients’ autonomy and agency are honored in medicine decision making.    2.   In pediatrics, parents are the surrogate decision makers for the children, and…

   1.   In pediatric anesthesia, the evaluation of the patient’s psychological state is of particular importance.    2.   There are no routine laboratory evaluations for pediatric patients. Rather, the specific procedure will dictate what…