1.   Development of the vascular system starts in early embryogenesis.          •   Mesenchymal cells develop into hemangioblasts, some of which become angioblasts.          •   The formation of de novo vessels is referred to as vasculogenesis;…

   1.   The Monro–Kellie hypothesis states that the sum of all intracranial contents—brain and interstitial fluid (80%), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF; 10%), blood (10%)—remains constant.    2.   Maintenance of cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) is essential…

   1.   Fetal surgery is a rapidly evolving specialty with multiple fetal interventions being performed at different stages of pregnancy.    2.   Pregnancy results in various anatomic and physiologic changes that impact anesthetic management….

   1.   About 45% to 75% of ulcerative colitis patients eventually need surgery. Indications are divided into emergency, urgent, and elective. Emergency procedures are done for life-threatening complications of fulminant colitis unresponsive…

   1.   The endoderm is divided into the foregut, midgut, and hindgut based on its vascular supply.    2.   The tongue’s complex muscular and nervous innervation is a result of its development from branchial…

   1.   Liver tumors are rare in children and generally present as a painless mass.    2.   Hepatoblastoma is the most common liver tumor in children.    3.   Regional analgesia may be contraindicated in patients with…

   1.   Because pediatric anesthetics outside the operating room are performed with increasing frequency, it is important for any institution to have a system in place to meet the service needs and…

   1.   The global pandemic of obesity is a serious public health concern that has affected both adults and children.    2.   The etiology of childhood obesity is multifactorial and involves complex interactions between…

   1.   Hypoglycemia is a common concern. Preoperative fasting must be minimized, and intravenous dextrose must be supplemented in the perioperative period.    2.   Lactated Ringer solution should not be used in patients with…

   1.   During fetal life, hematopoiesis occurs in several distinct locations, with sequential timing of cellular elements produced during gestation.    2.   The primary problem in anemia is impaired oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood…