Fig. 36.1 Median section of a part of the human thoracic spinal canal, with the dura held slightly apart from the posterior boundary of the vertebral arches. Often, it is…

Fig. 34.1 (a, b) Overview of spinal ligaments of the vertebral column Fig. 34.2 (a, b) Transverse section of the spinal canal at the C1 and C4 level. The cervical…

Fig. 50.1 Transmission electron microscope, working at intermediate voltages. It consists of a tungsten filament as an emission source, electromagnetic lenses for beam convergence, a specimen stage to hold the…

Fig. 40.1 Percutaneous leads located over a human dorsal dural sac at the cervical level. (a, b) Positioning of percutaneous lead on the dural sac. (c, d) The dural sac…

Fig. 38.1 Ultrastructure of human nerve root cuffs. Dura-epineurium transition tissue. Transverse section. Scanning electron microscopy. Magnification ×45 (From Reina et al. [5]; with permission) Fig. 38.2 Ultrastructure of human…

Fig. 43.1 Blunt needles. (a) 22G Epimed® needle. (b) 20G radiofrequency needle (Cosman Medical®, Burlington, MA). Scanning electron microscopy. Magnification ×18 (From Hernández-Garcia et al. [3]; with permission) Fig. 43.2…

Fig. 16.1 Human tibial nerve. In vitro puncture of nerve with neurostimulation needle. Comparative view. Scanning electron microscopy. Magnification ×15 Fig. 16.2 Human tibial nerve. In vitro puncture of nerve…

Fig. 2.1 Macrophage (functional form of a histiocyte) within human dura mater. (a, b) The cell has fine pseudopodia lacking organelles. Cisternae from the rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, lysosomes, and…

Fig. 46.1 Epidural filter. (a) Surface of filtration layer. (b) Detail at higher magnification. Scanning electron microscopy. Magnification: a, ×2,200; b, ×10,000 (From Reina et al. [1]; with permission) Fig….

Fig. 49.1 Human sciatic nerve. (a) Pieces were immersed in modified Karnovsky fixative for half an hour. Afterwards, samples are cut into smaller pieces. (b) The same sample cut into…