MAJOR FACTORS AFFECTING UPTAKE Solubility • Partition coefficients express relative solubility of anesthetic gas at equilibrium • Lower partition coefficients imply ↓ solubility, faster equilibration of partial pressure (alveolus ↔…
• In pediatric patients a 20–24 gauge needle may be used for the first cannulation and then exchanged with a larger gauge over a guidewire • Proceed as described in…
• Consider bronchoscopy • Consider bag ventilation • Treat underlying problem BRONCHOSPASM Causes • Preexisting reactive airway disease (asthma) • Manipulation of upper airway (oral endoscopy) • ETT with inadequate…
ADRENERGIC AGONISTS General comments: Act on α, β, or dopaminergic receptors (see the table below). May cause tachycardia, hypertension, arrhythmias, myocardial ischemia, and tissue necrosis with extravasation (administer centrally, treat…
PHARMACODYNAMICS • Ionization best correlates with onset of action. LAs exist in free equilibrium in both charged (ionized) and neutral (non-ionized) forms: • The ionized form binds to the receptor…
• Clinical Considerations • Indications: Bolus dosing used for rapid sequence induction when aspiration is a risk (i.e., full stomach, trauma, diabetes mellitus, hiatal hernia, obesity, pregnancy); infusion useful in…
GENERAL PRINCIPLES • Lipophilic drugs produce rapid induction of general anesthesia • Most IV anesthetics exert effect through activation or augmentation of postsynaptic GABAA receptors (↑ chloride influx → hyperpolarization…
Chapter 7 Intensive care Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) First described in Denver, Colorado, in 1967 by Ashbaugh. North American–European consensus group has changed the definition to ‘acute’ (as opposed…
CHAPTER 11 Pharmacology Anaesthetic Gases Oxygen Discovered by Joseph Priestley in 1777. Manufactured by: • fractional distillation of liquid air • passing air over an artificial zeolite, which entraps N2,…
