Antiemetics
Drug category Mechanism of action Specific drugs Typical dose Serotonin (5HT3) antagonists Antagonism of serotonin 5HT3 receptors in the CTZ, the medullary vomiting center, and in the periphery Ondansetron 4–16…
ANESTHESIA
Intravenous Induction Agents
Fig. 11.1 Drug distribution in various tissues over time after an intravenous bolus dose This rapid metabolism of propofol minimizes any residual effects after wakening. This lack of “hangover” effect…
Neuromuscular Blocking and Reversal Agents
Fig. 13.1 Physiology of neuromuscular transmission. (a) At the neuromuscular junction, where calcium influx causes release of Ach. Ach then binds to the postsynaptic nicotinic Ach receptors at the motor…
Approach to Anesthesia
Problem Cause Treatment Difficulty/failure to ventilate Circuit disconnection Check circuit attachments Obstruction—mucus plug, biting ETT Suction of ETT, if biting ETT—insert oral airway, deepen anesthesia Pneumothorax (no breath sounds) Auscultate…
High-Definition and Three-Dimensional Volumetric Ultrasound Imaging of the Sciatic Nerve
Fig. 18.1 Anatomical illustration showing the formation of the lumbosacral plexus by the union of the anterior primary rami of the L4, L5, S1, S2, S3, and S4 spinal nerves…
Spinal Nerve Root Lesions After “In Vitro” Needle Puncture
Fig. 30.1 In vitro sample of human spinal nerve root. Spinal needle (22-gauge Quincke) traversing the spinal nerve root Fig. 30.2 In vitro sample of human spinal nerve root. Spinal…
Ultrastructure of the Perineurium
, Emilse Colman Peyrano3 , Jorge Diamantopoulos4 and José Antonio De Andrés5, 6 (1) Department of Clinical Medical Sciences and Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain (2)…
Spinal Dural Sac, Nerve Root Cuffs, Rootlets, and Nerve Roots
Fig. 19.1 Dissection of human dural sac. (a) The spinal ligaments have been partially dissected. (b) Detail of dural sac and epidural vein Fig. 19.2 Complete dissection of human dural…
Macroscopic View of the Cervical Plexus and Brachial Plexus
Fig. 7.1 Cervical plexus. The cervical plexus may be visualized as a line under the upper half of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, following the transverse processes of the first cervical vertebrae….
Ultrastructure of Human Spinal Nerve Roots
Fig. 28.1 Human spinal nerve root. Scanning electron microscopy; magnification: ×40 (From De Andres et al. [5]; with permission) Fig. 28.2 Human spinal nerve root. Scanning electron microscopy; magnification: ×40…
