Substance Abuse
Drug Effect on MAC Detection in urine Effect on fetus Alcohol Acute, decrease; chronic, increase Blood level measured Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) Opioids Acute, decrease; chronic, increase 1–3 days Neonatal…
ANESTHESIA
Ophthalmic Surgery
Fig. 36.1 The oculocardiac reflex. The trigeminal nerve is the afferent limb, and the vagus nerve is the efferent limb The oculocardiac reflex is more prominent in the pediatric population,…
Cardiovascular Pharmacology
Fig. 17.1 Mechanism of action of nitrates (NO nitric oxide, GC guanylyl cyclase, cGMP cyclic guanosine monophosphate) Clinical Effects NTG improves myocardial oxygen delivery and reduces oxygen demand. Unlike nitroprusside,…
Spine Surgery
Factor Rheumatoid arthritis Ankylosing spondylitis Pathophysiology Autoimmune disease causing chronic inflammation and destruction of synovial membranes (flexible joints), morning stiffness of joints Autoimmune disease, chronic inflammatory arthritis Joints affected Small-…
Mechanisms of Anesthetic Action
Fig. 9.1 Basic mechanisms of anesthetic action, a working hypothesis The action of general anesthetics on the brain is responsible for loss of consciousness and amnesia. More specifically, the inhibition…
Transfusion Medicine
ABO type Rh type Percentage O + 37 44 O − 7 A + 36 42 A − 6 B + 8 10 B − 2 AB + 3 4…
Non-operating Room Anesthesia
Anesthetic equipment • Self-inflating bag for PPV providing at least 90 % oxygen • Drugs, supplies, and equipment for intended level of anesthetic • Monitoring equipment to allow adherence to…
The Elderly Patient
Cardiovascular changes Arterial compliance Loss of arterial compliance, increase in SVR, LVH, diastolic dysfunction, hypertension Venous compliance Loss of venous compliance Cardiac output Resting cardiac output-normal, diminished ability to increase…
Orthopedic Anesthesia
Fig. 25.1 The beach chair position for shoulder surgery Surgery in the lateral decubitus position is not associated with a large hydrostatic gradient. Thus, the risk of iatrogenic lowering of…
