From this equation, respiratory disorders are defined by changes in CO2 and metabolic disorders result from changes in the HCO3 −. Increases in CO2 cause a respiratory acidosis while decreases…

Fig. 35.1 Motor neuron pathway Immobility, which is accomplished partially by general anesthetics and fully by muscle relaxants, is one of the most important components of general anesthesia. Therefore, neurological…

Fig. 33.1 Anatomy of the kidney and urinary system Autonomic innervation of genitourinary tract consists of sympathetic fibers (originating from T8–L1) and parasympathetic fibers (vagal nerve and nerves originating from…

Parameter Change Tidal volume ↑ 45 % Residual volume ↓ 15 % Respiratory rate No change Functional residual capacity ↓ 20 % Minute ventilation ↑ 45 % Progesterone acts as…

Fig. 7.1 Fluid compartments in the human body Table 7.1 Electrolyte concentrations, plasma and intracellular Ion Plasma (meq/l) Intracellular (meq/l) Sodium 140 12 Potassium 4 150 Calcium 5 1 Magnesium…

• Airway is shared with surgeon • Patient is often positioned away from anesthesia provider • Airway irritability or obstruction due to presence of blood or secretions or frequent URIs…

Fig. 32.1 Functional anatomy of the liver Fig. 32.2 A hepatic lobule Liver anatomy and function are intricately related. Liver functions include regulation of blood coagulation, synthesis of hormones, erythrocyte…

Nerve injury Claims Ulnar Brachial plexus Lumbosacral nerve root Spinal cord Sciatic Median Radial Femoral Table 49.2 Prevention of perioperative peripheral nerve injuries Preoperative history and physical examination Ascertain if…

William E. Clarke January 1842, Rochester, NY Teeth extraction of Ms. Hobbie by dentist E. Pope Crawford W. Long March 1842, Jefferson, Georgia Neck tumor excision of Mr. Venable. Fee…

Case duration The time from when the patient enters the OR to when the patient exits the OR Turnover time The time from when a patient exits the OR to…