J Thymectomy 1. Introduction     The thymus gland is a bilobate mass of lymphoid tissue located deep into the sternum in the anterior region of the mediastinum. Thymectomy involves two surgical approaches:…

DLT, Double-lumen endotracheal tube; ETT, endotracheal tube; WEB, wire-guided endobronchial blocker. From Campos JH. Lung separation techniques. In Kaplan JA, Slinger PD, eds. Thoracic Anesthesia. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone;…

E Mediastinal masses 1. Introduction     Masses in the mediastinum can compress vital structures and cause changes in cardiac output, obstruction to air flow, atelectasis, or central nervous system changes. Masses can…

F Mediastinoscopy 1. Introduction     Mediastinoscopy involves passing a scope into the mediastinum via an incision above the suprasternal notch. The scope is passed anterior to the trachea in close proximity to…

D Mastectomy 1. Introduction     Total mastectomy (simple or complete mastectomy) removes only the breast; no axillary node dissection is involved. It is used for the treatment of ductal carcinoma in situ….

C Bullae 1. Introduction     Bullae are air-filled spaces of lung tissue resulting from the destruction of alveolar tissues and consolidation of alveoli into large pockets. They offer low resistance to inspiration…

A Breast biopsy 1. Introduction     Breast cancer is diagnosed by excisional breast biopsy (by needle aspiration or open excision) followed later by a more definitive surgical procedure designed to decrease tumor…

B Bronchoscopy 1. Introduction     Bronchoscopy permits direct inspection of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi. Indications include collection of secretions for cytologic or bacteriologic examination, tissue biopsy, location of bleeding and tumors,…

X Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty 1. Introduction     Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty is performed primarily for the treatment of OSA. Tonsillectomy is often performed concurrently. Nasopharyngeal airway obstruction is relieved by removing redundant and obstructing tissues of the…