G. jet ventilation 1. Introduction     Jet ventilation has been used extensively for laryngeal surgery. When the trachea is not intubated, a metal needle mounted in the operating laryngoscope or passed through…

2. Preoperative assessment     Most patients are older and have a long history of tobacco and alcohol abuse. Associated medical problems may include COPD, hypertension, coronary artery disease, and alcohol withdrawal. a) History…

F Intraocular procedures 1. Introduction     Intraocular procedures may refer to vitrectomy, glaucoma drainage, corneal transplant, and open eye injury. These procedures involve entry into the vitreous humor. It is crucial to…

D Endoscopy 1. Introduction a) Endoscopic surgery includes panendoscopy, laryngoscopy, microlaryngoscopy (laryngoscopy aided by an operating microscope), esophagoscopy, and bronchoscopy. All of these procedures can be performed by using a rigid or…

C Dental restoration 1. Introduction     Dental restoration procedures are performed under general anesthesia for a multitude of reasons. These include rampant cavities, history of mental disability, and an uncooperative patient who…

E Foreign body aspiration 1. Introduction     Aspiration of foreign bodies is a common problem. There is a high morbidity and mortality, particularly in children, who aspirate foreign objects. Some common aspirants…

B Dacryocystorhinostomy 1. Introduction     Dacryocystorhinostomy is performed for patients who have chronic tearing or obstruction at the level of the nasolacrimal duct. This procedure restores drainage into the nose from the…

L Transurethral resection of the prostate 1. Introduction Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures in men older than 60 years of age….

A Cleft palate and lip Cleft palate 1. Introduction     Cleft palate repair is usually performed in stages, depending on the extent of the defect. For the more severe deformities, the initial…

K Scrotal procedures 1. Introduction Scrotal procedures are considered minor operative procedures and can be performed on an outpatient basis. In adults, most elective scrotal procedures can be performed under local…