D Mastectomy 1. Introduction     Total mastectomy (simple or complete mastectomy) removes only the breast; no axillary node dissection is involved. It is used for the treatment of ductal carcinoma in situ….

B Bronchoscopy 1. Introduction     Bronchoscopy permits direct inspection of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi. Indications include collection of secretions for cytologic or bacteriologic examination, tissue biopsy, location of bleeding and tumors,…

A Breast biopsy 1. Introduction     Breast cancer is diagnosed by excisional breast biopsy (by needle aspiration or open excision) followed later by a more definitive surgical procedure designed to decrease tumor…

X Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty 1. Introduction     Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty is performed primarily for the treatment of OSA. Tonsillectomy is often performed concurrently. Nasopharyngeal airway obstruction is relieved by removing redundant and obstructing tissues of the…

W Tracheotomy 1. Introduction     Tracheotomy is an incision into the trachea to form a temporary or permanent opening, the latter of which is called a tracheostomy. The incision is made through…

V Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy 1. Introduction     Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy are among the most common surgical procedures performed in the United States, especially for children. Such surgical procedures are indicated for the…

b) The anesthesia provider may be asked to use a hypotensive technique or slight head elevation (10–20 degrees) during the procedure. Using general anesthesia has been associated with an increased blood…

U Strabismus repair 1. Introduction     Strabismus repairs are performed to correct ocular malalignment. This malalignment may be esotropia (eyes deviate inward) or exotropia (eyes deviate outward). This procedure straightens the eyes…

S Rhytidectomy or facelift 1. Introduction     Rhytidectomy is a reconstructive plastic procedure in which the skin of the face and neck is tightened, wrinkles (rhytid) are removed, and the skin is…

Q Ptosis surgery 1. Introduction     If ptosis is severe, the function of the levator palpebrae is poor. Most frequently, ptosis surgery involves shortening or reattaching the muscle at its site of…