B Awake craniotomy 1. Introduction     In a small percentage of patients (those in whom a seizure focus may be suppressed during general anesthesia or may be adjacent to an area of…

A Arteriovenous malformation neurosurgery 1. Introduction

J Thymectomy 1. Introduction     The thymus gland is a bilobate mass of lymphoid tissue located deep into the sternum in the anterior region of the mediastinum. Thymectomy involves two surgical approaches:…

H Thoracoscopy 1. Introduction     Advances in videoscopic technology have led to the increased use of thoracoscopy. The procedure used most commonly involves placing the patient in the lateral decubitus position. A…

I Thoracotomy 1. Introduction     Thoracotomy is usually performed in an attempt to resect malignant lung tissue, but it may also be performed for trauma; infections; and parenchymal abnormalities, such as recurrent…

DLT, Double-lumen endotracheal tube; ETT, endotracheal tube; WEB, wire-guided endobronchial blocker. From Campos JH. Lung separation techniques. In Kaplan JA, Slinger PD, eds. Thoracic Anesthesia. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone;…

E Mediastinal masses 1. Introduction     Masses in the mediastinum can compress vital structures and cause changes in cardiac output, obstruction to air flow, atelectasis, or central nervous system changes. Masses can…

F Mediastinoscopy 1. Introduction     Mediastinoscopy involves passing a scope into the mediastinum via an incision above the suprasternal notch. The scope is passed anterior to the trachea in close proximity to…

C Bullae 1. Introduction     Bullae are air-filled spaces of lung tissue resulting from the destruction of alveolar tissues and consolidation of alveoli into large pockets. They offer low resistance to inspiration…