Extracellular waterIntravascular (blood) volumeProvision of metabolic substratesElectrolytesCarbohydrateAmino acids and proteinFatty acidsManipulation of acid–base balanceForced acid or alkaline diuresisCoagulopathy correctionPlateletsClotting factorsImproving oxygen carriageDiluent for drugsIf causticIf low solubilityOsmotic effectsManipulation of blood…
Figure 31.3 Chemical structure of opioids The presence of the tertiary nitrogen and its distance from the aromatic ring (4.55 Å for morphine and the related semisynthetic compounds) is considered…
and elastase. This inflammatory response plays a key role in the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and MODS. The metabolic response to severe trauma is biphasic. SIRS occurs…
Figure 29.1 Wash-in curves for volatile anaesthetic agents Partial pressure of volatile agent in the pulmonary artery The rate of uptake of volatile agent from each alveolus is dependent on…
CefaclorModerately stableModerate32ndCefuroximeCephamandoleResistanceModerate43rdCefotaximeCeftriaxoneStablePotent: especially Gram-negatives53rdCefiximeCefpodoximeStablePotent: especially Gram-negatives63rdCeftazidimeCefsulodinStablePotent: especially Gram-negatives and Pseudomonas74thCefpiromeStableEnterobacteriaceae Cephalexin Cephalexin is active against most Gram-positive cocci, except fecal streptococci and MRSA. It is also moderately active against some…
Figure 41.2 Effect of drugs on the coagulation pathway Anticoagulants Anticoagulants are drugs that interfere with the process of fibrin plug formation, to reduce or prevent coagulation. This effect is…
Figure 39.1 Sites of action of drugs reducing gastric acidity H2 receptor antagonists Examples – cimetidine, famotidine, nizatidine, ranitidine Histamine has two primary effects on the gastrointestinal tract, mediated by…
html xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml” xmlns:mml=”http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML” xmlns:epub=”http://www.idpf.org/2007/ops”> Chapter 38 Endocrine pharmacology Tim Smith Fundamentals of Anaesthesia, 4th edition, ed. Ted Lin, Tim Smith and Colin Pinnock. Published by Cambridge University Press. © Cambridge…
Figure 37.1 Causes of changes in bronchial calibre Leukotrienes are involved in the development of bronchospasm. They are so named because of their presence in white blood cells (the leuko…
Figure 35.5 Catecholamine structures Adrenoceptor agonists Examples – adrenaline, clonidine, dobutamine, dopamine, dopexamine, isoprenaline, noradrenaline Note that β-adrenoceptor agonists are covered in more detail in Chapter 37. Clinical uses Adrenoceptor…
