Geriatric Anesthesia
Elderly patients have a high incidence of diastolic dysfunction. Diastolic dysfunction prevents the ventricle from relaxing and consequently creates higher pressures during diastolic ventricular filling, this leading to lower…
ANESTHESIA
Maternal and Fetal Physiology and Anesthesia
Central Nervous System • The minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) decreases by up to 40% at term and returns to normal by the third day after delivery. Respiratory System •…
Anesthesia for Patients with Kidney Disease
General Surgery Acute Kidney Injury Risk Index Risk Factors General Surgery Acute Kidney Injury Risk Index classes based on number of risk factors present: class I (0–2 risk factors), class…
Anesthetic Complications
(Reproduced, with permission, from Katzung BG [editor]: Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, 8th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2001.) Immediate Hypersensitivity Clinical Manifestations • Atopic: Affects the skin and respiratory tract ° Allergic rhinitis,…
Anesthesia for Patients with Endocrine Disease
Diabetes Mellitus Intraoperative: Keep blood sugar below 180 mg/dL but avoid hypoglycemia as well. Hyperglycemia increases the risk of infection, risk of poor wound healing, and mortality. For common perioperative…
Fluid Management and Blood Component Therapy
Laboratory evaluation: Laboratory signs of dehydration may include a rising hematocrit (acute blood loss will not result in an acute change of hematocrit), metabolic acidosis, a urinary specific gravity…
Perioperative Pain Management and Enhanced Outcomes
(Adapted from Kehlet H, Wilmore DW. Evidence-based surgical care and the evolution of fast-track surgery. Ann Surg 2008; 248:189–198, with permission) Perioperative Elements Contributing to Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS)…
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Data from The American Heart Association BLS and ACLS Guidelines 2010 for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation 2010:122;S729–S767. Pulseless Electrical Activity and Asystole Causes: Hs and Ts. Hypoxia,…
Neurophysiology and Anesthesia
Anesthetic Agents and Cerebral Physiology Overall, most general anesthetics have a favorable effect on the central nervous system (CNS) by reducing electrical activity. The effects however depend on the type…
Thermoregulation, Hypothermia, and Malignant Hyperthermia
Postoperative Shivering Causes of postoperative shivering: Shivering may occur because of hypothermia or the aftereffects of general anesthetic agents. It is also common in postpartum patients. Shivering is the…
