Endocrine Diseases
Diabetes Mellitus The endocrine condition most frequently encountered in the perioperative period in children is diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus is the result of an absolute or functional deficiency of insulin…
ANESTHESIA
The Premature Infant
In the last several decades, the incidence of prematurity in the United States has risen to 11.5%. Maternal risk factors for prematurity include absence of prenatal care, low socioeconomic status,…
Genetic and Inherited Diseases
Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome) With an incidence of approximately1 in 700 live births , trisomy 21 is the most common chromosomal abnormality and the most common cause of intellectual disability…
Oncologic Diseases
Common Oncologic Disorders Leukemia The leukemias, which result from malignant transformation of early hematopoietic stem cells, are some of the most common malignancies of childhood ( Table 8.1 ). Acute…
Gastrointestinal Diseases
Gastroesophageal Reflux Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is a term used to describe a leaky lower esophageal sphincter that causes a child to regurgitate recently ingested meals. It is common in the…
Hematologic Diseases
Inherited Coagulation Disorders Hemophilia The hemophilias are a group of X-linked recessive bleeding disorders characterized by insufficient production of coagulation factor VIII (hemophilia A) or factor IX (hemophilia B). Formation…
Neurologic and Neuromuscular Diseases
Cerebral palsy and seizure disorders are very common in the pediatric population, thus anesthesia providers should be familiar with their clinical characteristics and the pharmacologic agents used for their treatment….
Respiratory Diseases
Upper Respiratory Infection Upper respiratory infection (URI) is common in children presenting for anesthesia and the most common infection overall in children. The average child will have 6 to 8…
Congenital Heart Disease
The overall incidence of congenital heart disease (CHD) is approximately 8 per 1000 live births and is usually divided into two categories: cyanotic (the defect contains a right-to-left shunt) and…
Developmental Physiology and Pharmacology
Developmental physiology describes the bodily changes that take place during early development. Anesthesiologists must be familiar with these changes as they pertain to the different organ systems. Developmental pharmacology describes…
