Chapter 5A Cardiac Investigations Echocardiography Muhammad Sohaib Nazir and Rajan Sharma Key Points Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is a safe, rapid, non-invasive and cheap test in the preoperative period. Echocardiography is…
Chapter 2 Hypertension Tarek Francis Antonios Key Points Hypertension is one of the major risk factors for morbidity and mortality in cardiovascular disease. Treatment of hypertension not only reduces the…
Chapter 5C Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Robin Ray and Bashar Ibrahim Key Points Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (CMR) provides high spatial and temporal resolution imaging of the beating heart and is the…
Chapter 5D Computed Tomography Coronary Calcium Score and Coronary Angiography Vineet Prakash Key Points Computed Tomography Coronary Calcium Score Has an accepted role in primary prevention by allowing further risk…
Chapter 5B Myocardial Perfusion Imaging Vineet Prakash Key Points Stress pharmacological myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) is a useful diagnostic tool to detect myocardial ischaemia and functional capacity as a preoperative…
Chapter 3 Cardiac Arrhythmias Mark M. Gallagher and Hanney Gonna Key Points Procedures which require general anaesthesia may stress the heart, producing cardiac arrhythmias, particularly in the presence of ischaemic…
15 Basic Navigational Bronchoscopy Dominik Harzheim and Jonas Herth A solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN) is a round or oval opacity smaller than 3 cm in diameter that is completely surrounded…
14 Bronchoscopy in the Lung Transplant Patient Anne Fuhlbrigge Lung transplantation has rapidly evolved since the first operation in the early 1960s and has become an established treatment for a…
16 Basic Therapeutic Techniques Luis F. Angel and Deborah J. Levine Introduction Interventional pulmonology is an evolving discipline stemming from pulmonary medicine that concentrates on both diagnostic and therapeutic interventions…
9 Bronchial Washing, Bronchoalveolar Lavage, Bronchial Brush, and Endobronchial Biopsy Melissa Tukey and Carla Lamb Introduction Bronchial washings (BWs), bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), bronchial brushings, and endobronchial biopsies (EBBX) are common…
