Prostanoids and Other Inflammatory Mediators Christian Waeber Introduced by Bayer in 1899, acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin [ASA]) is today the most extensively prescribed analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory agent, with 120 billion…
Sex Hormones Nancy E. J. Berman Michael M. Behbehani Millions of women suffer migraine headaches around the time of their menstrual cycles, a phenomenon known as menstrual migraine. Clinical studies…
Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide and Other Peptides Susan Brain Lars Edvinsson Vasoactive peptides can be either stored or synthesized de novo before release from a range of tissues in the brain…
Nitric Oxide Andrew A. Parsons The importance of nitric oxide (NO) in modulation of biological pathways has been known for over 20 years. The seminal studies by Furchgott and Zwadzki…
Serotonin and Other Biogenic Amines Christian Waeber Biogenic amines such as serotonin, norepinephrine, histamine, and dopamine are naturally occurring biologically active amines synthesized from three different amino acids. Histidine is…
Imaging Pain Irene Tracey Martin Ingvar OBJECTIFYING THE PAIN EXPERIENCE Over the past 15 years, we have witnessed a shift in our understanding of pain processing in humans from the…
Peripheral and Central Sensitization Related to Headaches Rami Burstein Dan Levy Moshe Jakubowski Clifford J. Woolf CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF PERIPHERAL AND CENTRAL SENSITIZATION Among the common symptoms of peripheral sensitization…
Inhibition and Facilitation of Nociception Jürgen Sandkühler The intensity of pain felt by a patient may not always match the level of nociceptor activation. For example, immediately after an accident…
Anatomy and Physiology of Head Pain Karl Messlinger Jonathan O. Dostrovsky Andrew M. Strassman A large body of indirect evidence supports the idea that some types of headaches, including migraine,…
Anatomy of Muscles, Tendons, Joints, Blood Vessels, and Meninges Lars Edvinsson Marc Abel Vital organs of the body are encased by the skeletal system, either completely or in association with…
