Abstract Paediatric pain is often poorly recognized and undertreated, and managing it effectively can be complex and challenging. Exposure to severe pain without adequate management in childhood can be detrimental…
Abstract Sedation of children is often an unavoidable component of many diagnostic and therapeutic healthcare interventions in children. Traditional agents such as chloral hydrate and midazolam continue to be widely…
Abstract Intravenous fluids are a core therapy in critical care and perioperative practice. Although most fluids that we use today are very similar to those of the mid 20 th…
Abstract Annually in the UK, around half a million children and infants undergo general anaesthesia. The provision of anaesthesia for this patient group can be a daunting task; the size…
Abstract There is a relationship between arterial blood pressure, cardiac output and vascular resistance described mathematically, that helps us to understand short-term control of blood pressure in terms of a…
Abstract Maintaining an equilibrium between oxygen supply and demand is a principal function of the cardiovascular system. In times of altered metabolic demand, mechanisms exist to maintain the balance between…
Abstract The volume of patients who are older and living with frailty presenting for surgery is increasing. Frailty is a multifactorial clinical syndrome associated with decreased metabolic and physiological reserve…
Abstract Stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality and may be preceded by a transient ischaemic attack (TIA). 20% will have a carotid stenosis caused by atheromatous plaque…
Abstract Patients undergoing major vascular surgery are at high risk for myocardial infarction, renal failure, respiratory complications and death. Invasive procedures confer greater risk of complication, with patients undergoing open…
Abstract Surgical repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) can be done via an open or endovascular approach; surgical and patient factors determine which is most appropriate. Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR)…
