To maximize the diagnostic yield from transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), it is important to have an understanding of standard imaging views and important anatomic–echocardiographic relationships. Echocardiography is most commonly a two-dimensional…
Heart transplantation Assessment of potential recipients Echocardiography forms an integral part of the assessment of patients with end-stage heart failure who are being considered for cardiac transplantation Echocardiography provides information…
Three-dimensional (3-D) echocardiography is an exciting development with the potential to have a major impact on the practice of perioperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). While imaging the heart with 3-D TEE…
The appearance of many normal anatomic structures can be quite variable and may lead to pitfalls in diagnosis, resulting in unnecessary alarm and inappropriate intervention. These structures are distinct from…
Cornelis Kruger David Sidebotham Assessment of left ventricular (LV) function is an essential part—if not the primary focus—of every echocardiogram performed in cardiac surgical patients. A strong correlation between LV function and…
Epicardial echocardiography was first described in 1972. Subsequently, there have been a number of reports documenting its use, particularly during surgery, for congenital heart disease and mitral valve (MV) disease….
Left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction is a common problem among patients with a wide range of cardiovascular diseases. For a number of conditions, notably hypertension (particularly if associated with LV…
At first glance, two-dimensional (2-D) ultrasound images have much the same appearance as images made by two other common medical imaging modalities: X-ray computed tomography and magnetic resonance. However, ultrasonic…
This chapter provides a brief introduction to the physics and operating principles of instruments using the Doppler effect in cardiovascular diagnostics. Readers seeking more detail should consult Kremkau’s textbook, Hatle…
Abstract A thorough understanding of cardiovascular physiology is a cornerstone of patient management in the perioperative period. The primary role of the cardiovascular system is to provide sufficient blood flow…
