Key Points ▪ Anesthesiologists rely extensively on physiologic signals and anesthetic dosing strategies to infer and to track states of the brain and central nervous system under general anesthesia. ▪…
Key Points ▪ Intravenous fluid therapy is a core part of perioperative practice, with the potential to influence patient outcomes. ▪ Water makes up approximately 60% of total body weight,…
Key Points ▪ Perioperative applications of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) include monitoring, diagnosis, and procedural guidance. The role of TEE in cardiac surgery, noncardiac surgery, interventional procedures, and critical care continues…
Key Points ▪ There are four key principles of intraoperative neurologic monitoring. ▪ The pathway at risk during the surgical procedure must be amenable to monitoring. ▪ The monitor must…
Key Points ▪ The incidence of perioperative acute kidney injury (AKI) (previously referred to as acute renal failure) varies, depending on the definition used. ▪ Although uncommon, AKI requiring dialysis…
Key Points ▪ The presence of a significant acid-base abnormality often signals a sinister underlying problem. ▪ All acid-base abnormalities result from alterations in the dissociation of water. ▪ Only…
Key Points ▪ Patient positioning is a major responsibility that requires the cooperation of the entire surgical team. ▪ Many patient positions that are used for surgery result in undesirable…
Key Points ▪ The history and physical examination most accurately predict the risks of anesthesia and the likelihood of required changes in monitoring or therapy. ▪ For diabetic patients, end-organ…
Key Points ▪ The anesthesia preoperative evaluation, which is the clinical foundation for guiding perioperative patient management, reduces perioperative morbidity and enhances patient outcome. ▪ The fundamental purpose of preoperative…
Key Points ▪ The introduction of thiopental into clinical practice in 1934 marked the beginning of modern intravenous (IV) anesthesia. Today, IV anesthetics are used for induction and maintenance of…
