Abstract The cervical esophagus extends from the cricopharyngeus muscle into the chest to become the thoracic esophagus. The external landmark of the pharyngoesophageal junction is the cricoid cartilage. On esophagoscopy,…
Abstract The majority of traumatic hemothoraces can be managed successfully with a chest tube placement. Retained hemothorax is defined as residual pleural blood >300–500 mL after initial thoracostomy tube evacuation….
Abstract On the right side, the subclavian artery originates from the innominate (brachiocephalic) artery, which branches into the right subclavian and right common carotid arteries. On the left side, it…
Abstract The right common carotid artery originates from the innominate (brachiocephalic) artery. The external landmark is the right sternoclavicular joint. The left common carotid artery originates directly from the aortic…
Abstract The major muscles that are divided during resuscitative thoracotomy include the pectoralis major, the pectoralis minor, and the serratus anterior muscles. Pectoralis major muscle: It originates from the anterior…
Abstract Strict antiseptic precautions and personal protective equipment should be used during the procedure. A single dose of prophylactic antibiotics with Cefazolin should be administered before the procedure. There is…
Abstract The cartilaginous and bony structures of the larynx include the hyoid bone as well as the thyroid and cricoid cartilages. The trachea begins below the cricoid cartilage. The hyoid…
Abstract There are three meninges covering the brain: the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. The dura mater is the thickest and strongest membrane, and is firmly…
Abstract External landmarks: The axillary vessels start at the middle of the clavicle, course deep under the deltopectoral groove, and end at the lateral border of the axilla. The axillary…
Abstract Intracranial pressure (ICP) can be measured by a monitor placed into one of the lateral ventricles; in the subarachnoid, subdural, or epidural spaces; or in the brain parenchyma. ICP…
