Paravertebral Block
Figure 10.1. Relationship between the spinous processes, transverse processes, and spinal nerves in the lumbar and thoracic spine. The lumbar spinal nerves course caudad to the transverse process of the…
Complications of Regional Anesthesia
Figure 3.1. Lack of correlation between patient weight and peak plasma concentration after epidural administration of 400 mg of lignocaine. This same lack of a relationship between patient weight and…
Intravenous Regional Anesthesia
Figure 13.1. Technique for intravenous regional anesthesia. A small intravenous catheter is placed in the hand and the tourniquet is applied to the upper arm. A single tourniquet may be…
Local Anesthetics
Figure 1.1. Typical structures of local ester and amine anesthetic molecules. where pH is the solution or tissue pH and pKa is the pH at which half the local…
Local Anesthetic Clinical Pharmacology
Figure 2.1. Disposition of sites for local anesthetics following peripheral nerve blocks. Nonspecific binding to extraneuronal tissues (e.g., tissue proteins, fat) and uptake into the blood stream limit the amount…
Caudal Anesthesia
Figure 8.1. Sacral anatomy, lateral view. A needle directed through the sacral–coccygeal membrane at a 45-degree angle will usually “pop” through the ligament and contact the anterior bone of the…
Premedication and Monitoring
II. Drugs A. Opioids. The opioid class of drugs produce analgesia and sedation without loss of consciousness. Therefore, they are excellent in enhancing patient cooperation and in reducing the discomfort…
The Head and Neck: Specialty and Multidisciplinary Surgery
1. The shaping of the skull base and contiguous structures is a dynamic process involving reciprocal influences between the cranial base, the pharynx, the face, and primary and secondary palates. 2. Multiple…
The Musculoskeletal System and Orthopedic Surgery
1. The musculoskeletal system is derived from the paraxial mesoderm which begins to differentiate into somites during the 4th week of development. 2. Many common pediatric syndromes and associations such as VACTERL…
The Cardiovascular System
1. Much of our understanding of cardiac development is derived from research in nonhuman species with the expectation that the same processes occur in humans. 2. The etiology of congenital heart disease…
