INTRAOPERATIVE PROBLEMS
• Consider bronchoscopy • Consider bag ventilation • Treat underlying problem BRONCHOSPASM Causes • Preexisting reactive airway disease (asthma) • Manipulation of upper airway (oral endoscopy) • ETT with inadequate…
AUTONOMIC, AND CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS
ADRENERGIC AGONISTS General comments: Act on α, β, or dopaminergic receptors (see the table below). May cause tachycardia, hypertension, arrhythmias, myocardial ischemia, and tissue necrosis with extravasation (administer centrally, treat…
ANESTHETICS
PHARMACODYNAMICS • Ionization best correlates with onset of action. LAs exist in free equilibrium in both charged (ionized) and neutral (non-ionized) forms: • The ionized form binds to the receptor…
BLOCKING DRUGS
• Clinical Considerations • Indications: Bolus dosing used for rapid sequence induction when aspiration is a risk (i.e., full stomach, trauma, diabetes mellitus, hiatal hernia, obesity, pregnancy); infusion useful in…
ANESTHETICS
GENERAL PRINCIPLES • Lipophilic drugs produce rapid induction of general anesthesia • Most IV anesthetics exert effect through activation or augmentation of postsynaptic GABAA receptors (↑ chloride influx → hyperpolarization…
Intensive care
Chapter 7 Intensive care Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) First described in Denver, Colorado, in 1967 by Ashbaugh. North American–European consensus group has changed the definition to ‘acute’ (as opposed…
Pharmacology
CHAPTER 11 Pharmacology Anaesthetic Gases Oxygen Discovered by Joseph Priestley in 1777. Manufactured by: • fractional distillation of liquid air • passing air over an artificial zeolite, which entraps N2,…
Respiratory system
CHAPTER 2 Respiratory system Assessing The Airway During routine anaesthesia, the incidence of difficult tracheal intubation (≥3 attempts at intubation or >10 min to accomplish it) has been estimated as…
