Hematuria and Dysuria
Chapter 16 Hematuria and Dysuria Sandra H. Schwab, MD, Elizabeth R. Alpern, MD, MSCE 1 What is the definition of gross and microscopic hematuria? Gross hematuria is defined as reddish…
Scrotal Pain
Chapter 23 Scrotal Pain Joel A. Fein, MD, MPH 1 Do infants and toddlers get testicular torsion? Neonates most frequently have extravaginal torsion (twisting above the tunica vaginalis), which usually…
Stiff Neck
Chapter 25 Stiff Neck Nicholas Tsarouhas, MD, Marla J. Friedman, DO 1 What is the pathophysiology of meningismus? Flexion of the neck stretches the inflamed nerve roots and meninges of…
Monitoring Respiratory Function
*If the patient has COPD or congenital heart disease, cyanosis may be ‘constant’. COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE BREATHLESS PATIENT Occasional breathlessness is a common human experience and may be a…
Monitoring Cardiovascular Function 1: ECG Monitoring
SETTING UP ECG MONITORING The following measures should be observed when setting up ECG monitoring (Jevon 2009): 1. Explain the procedure to the patient. 2. Prepare the skin: ensure that…
Monitoring Cardiovascular Function 2: Haemodynamic Monitoring
Cardiac Output Cardiac output is the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle in 1 minute. At rest this is approximately 5000 ml. It is determined by heart rate…
Monitoring During Transport
Fig. 18.2 Inside a paramedic ambulance. Noise and daylight may render monitors and their alarms unreadable and inaudible. Ambulances rely on battery sources for electrical power. Consequently hospital-based equipment that…
