Fig. 17.1 Mechanism of action of nitrates (NO nitric oxide, GC guanylyl cyclase, cGMP cyclic guanosine monophosphate) Clinical Effects NTG improves myocardial oxygen delivery and reduces oxygen demand. Unlike nitroprusside,…
Fig. 36.1 The oculocardiac reflex. The trigeminal nerve is the afferent limb, and the vagus nerve is the efferent limb The oculocardiac reflex is more prominent in the pediatric population,…
Factor Rheumatoid arthritis Ankylosing spondylitis Pathophysiology Autoimmune disease causing chronic inflammation and destruction of synovial membranes (flexible joints), morning stiffness of joints Autoimmune disease, chronic inflammatory arthritis Joints affected Small-…
ABO type Rh type Percentage O + 37 44 O − 7 A + 36 42 A − 6 B + 8 10 B − 2 AB + 3 4…
Fig. 9.1 Basic mechanisms of anesthetic action, a working hypothesis The action of general anesthetics on the brain is responsible for loss of consciousness and amnesia. More specifically, the inhibition…
Anesthetic equipment • Self-inflating bag for PPV providing at least 90 % oxygen • Drugs, supplies, and equipment for intended level of anesthetic • Monitoring equipment to allow adherence to…
Fig. 25.1 The beach chair position for shoulder surgery Surgery in the lateral decubitus position is not associated with a large hydrostatic gradient. Thus, the risk of iatrogenic lowering of…
Cardiovascular changes Arterial compliance Loss of arterial compliance, increase in SVR, LVH, diastolic dysfunction, hypertension Venous compliance Loss of venous compliance Cardiac output Resting cardiac output-normal, diminished ability to increase…
Organ system Clinical manifestations Neurologic Cerebrovascular accident (stroke), idiopathic intracranial hypertension, dementia, depression Cardiovascular Coronary artery disease, chronic inflammation, obesity cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, hypertension, cor pulmonale, arrhythmias Respiratory Obstructive…
