Spinal and Epidural Anesthesia
Fig. 21.1 The vertebral column Although vertebrae differ in their structure and function depending on their location, most of the articulating vertebrae are comprised of a body, an arch, and…
Local Anesthetics
Agent Spinal Epidural Nerve block Durationa Lidocaine Can be used 2 %, 15–30 ml 2 %, 30–50 ml 1–1.5 h Ropivacaine Can be used 0.2 %, 10–20 ml 0.5 %,…
Perioperative Airway Management
Acromegaly Thick mandible, large tongue and epiglottis, overgrowth of mucosa and soft tissues of the pharynx, larynx and vocal cords, as well as arthritis at the temporomandibular joint may make…
Peripheral Nerve Blocks
Opioid-sparing effect Improved acute pain relief Promote mobilization and physical rehabilitation therapy Reduced requirement for sedatives/hypnotics/general anesthetic needs (decrease MAC) Reduced postoperative nausea/vomiting, cognitive dysfunction as associated with GA Decreased…
Pediatric Anesthesia
Parameter Infant Adult Functional residual capacity 25–30 ml/kg 30 ml/kg O2 consumption 6 ml/kg/min 3 ml/kg/min CO2 production 6 ml/kg/min 3 ml/kg/min Respiratory rate 35–50 breaths/min 12–20 breaths/min Tidal volume…
Acid Base Balance
From this equation, respiratory disorders are defined by changes in CO2 and metabolic disorders result from changes in the HCO3 −. Increases in CO2 cause a respiratory acidosis while decreases…
Neurological and Neuromuscular Diseases
Fig. 35.1 Motor neuron pathway Immobility, which is accomplished partially by general anesthetics and fully by muscle relaxants, is one of the most important components of general anesthesia. Therefore, neurological…
Renal and Urinary Tract Diseases
Fig. 33.1 Anatomy of the kidney and urinary system Autonomic innervation of genitourinary tract consists of sympathetic fibers (originating from T8–L1) and parasympathetic fibers (vagal nerve and nerves originating from…
Obstetric Anesthesia
Parameter Change Tidal volume ↑ 45 % Residual volume ↓ 15 % Respiratory rate No change Functional residual capacity ↓ 20 % Minute ventilation ↑ 45 % Progesterone acts as…
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
Fig. 7.1 Fluid compartments in the human body Table 7.1 Electrolyte concentrations, plasma and intracellular Ion Plasma (meq/l) Intracellular (meq/l) Sodium 140 12 Potassium 4 150 Calcium 5 1 Magnesium…
