Drugs Acting on the Autonomic Nervous System
Drug Bolus dose Infusion rate Phenylephrine 100 mcg 1 mcg/kg/min Methoxamine 10 mg NA Norepinephrine 16 mcg 0.1 mcg/kg/min Epinephrine 8 mcg 0.05 mcg/kg/min Metaraminol 5 mg NA Ephedrine 10…
Analgesics: Opioids for Chronic Pain Management and Surgical Considerations
Receptor Location Effect Δ (delta) Brain (pontine nuclei, amygdala, olfactory bulb, deep cortex), peripheral sensory neurons Slight analgesia, physical dependence, antidepressant Κ (kappa) Brain (hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray), spinal cord (substantia…
Benzodiazepines and Muscle Relaxants
Drug Common dosing Half-life (h) Time to peak plasma concentration (h) Elimination Short- to intermediate-acting benzodiazepines Alprazolam (Xanax) 0.25–0.5 mg BID–TID for anxiety; maximum 4 mg/day 11.2 (6.3–26.9) 1–2 Renal…
Herbal Medications and Vitamin Supplements
Supplement Typical usage Pharmacology Vitamin A Cataracts Fat-soluble vitamin which supports cell growth and immune function [12] Glaucoma Improving vision Skin conditions B vitamins Fatigue Supports various bodily functions (i.e.,…
Novel Targets of Current Analgesic Drug Development
14. Richardson JD, Aanonsen L, Hargreaves KM. Antihyperalgesic effects of spinal cannabinoids. Eur J Pharmacol. 1998;345:145–53.PubMed 15. Liu C, Walker JM. Effects of a cannabinoid agonist on spinal nociceptive neurons…
Serotonin Syndrome
Inhibitors of serotonin reuptake Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs): fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline, citalopram, fluvoxamine Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs): venlafaxine, desvenlafaxine, duloxetine, milnacipran Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs): amitriptyline, nortriptyline, protriptyline clomipramine, imipramine,…
Black Box FDA Warnings and Legal Implications
Drug (date of most recent available labeling) Indication Reason for boxed warning Alternatives Antiemetics Droperidol (Inapsine®) 12/2001 Nausea and vomiting; neuroleptic anesthesia Prolonged QT interval, torsades de pointes Ondansetronb, metoclopramide…
Blood, Blood Products, and Substitutes
Blood product Indication Dosing Relative contraindication Whole blood Autologous donated units for elective surgery, large volume hemorrhage, neonatal exchange transfusion Volume overload PRBC Increase oxygen carrying capacity to tissues, exchange…
Pediatrics
© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015Alan David Kaye, Adam M. Kaye and Richard D. Urman (eds.)Essentials of Pharmacology for Anesthesia, Pain Medicine, and Critical Care10.1007/978-1-4614-8948-1_42 42. Pediatrics Vanessa Ng1 , Karina Gritsenko1 and Rebecca Lintner1 (1) Department of Anesthesiology,…
Analgesics: Opiate Agonists, Mixed Agonists/Antagonists, and Antagonists for Acute Pain Management
7.1 Morphine 7.2 Hydromorphone 7.3 Fentanyl 7.4 Butorphanol 7.5 Nalbuphine 7.6 Buprenorphine References 1. Mather LE. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of opioid analgesics: a sameness amongst equals? Pain. 1990;43:3–6.PubMedCrossRef 2….
