Fig. 18.1 S2–3 Retrograde: L2–3 epidural “lateral” approach (anteroposterior [AP] view) Fig. 18.2 S2–3 Retrograde: L2–3 needle tip in steep caudal view to limit hand exposure Fig. 18.3 S2–3 Retrograde:…
Fig. 33.1 SSEP waveforms show P20 and N20 components with phase reversal indicating an electrode overlying the central sulcus signifying the motor and sensory cortex Fig. 33.2 Draping and planning…
Fig. 31.1 The Bion implantable neurostimulator device. For investigational use only. Not approved for sale in the United States Fig. 31.2 (a) The implant location of the Bion in the…
Fig. 34.1 (a, b) Neuroanatomy of the branches of the occipital nerve The diagnostic workup for peripheral cranial neuralgia includes a history of pain originating or ending in the nerve…
Migration risk Physician action Fatty tissue at anchoring site Debride fatty tissue around the needle entry site exposing fascia and ligament for proper anchoring Anchoring to muscle When using an…
Fig. 43.1 Intrathecal drug delivery may have advantages to systemic drug delivery The reported incidence of adverse events range from 3 to 24 %, most of which are minor and…
Fig. 39.1 Marking the skin for the tunneling course using the two-step technique Fig. 39.2 Local anesthesia for tunneling Once the patient has been properly anesthetized by using local anesthesia…
Fig. 10.1 Anchoring and suturing technique. Proper needle placement (a). Proper placement of the surgical lead (b). Proper placement of the anchoring device at the fascia entry point (c). Suturing…
Complication Diagnosis of problem Treatment of problem Neuraxis complications Nerve injury CT or MRI, EMG/NCS/physical exam Steroid protocol, anticonvulsants, neurosurgery consult Epidural fibrosis Increased stimulation amplitude Lead reprogramming, lead revision…
Fig. 40.1 Langer’s lines Knowing the direction of Langer’s lines within a specific area of the skin is important for surgical operations, particularly cosmetic surgery. If a surgeon has a…
