Anesthesia Key

K Scrotal procedures 1. Introduction Scrotal procedures are considered minor operative procedures and can be performed on an outpatient basis. In adults, most elective scrotal procedures can be performed under local…

I Renal transplant 1. Introduction Renal transplantation has been performed for nearly a century and is an accepted means of replacing kidney function in patients with end-stage renal disease who are…

J Robotic urologic surgery 1. Introduction Robotic-assisted surgery is an emerging technique for management of various urologic procedures such as prostatectomy. One of the commercially available systems is the da Vinci…

H Radical prostatectomy 1. Introduction Open prostatectomy refers to removal of the prostate with or without the prostatic capsule. Several surgical approaches may be used, including suprapubic, transvesical, retropubic, perineal, and…

G Percutaneous nephrolithotomy 1. Introduction

F Penile procedures 1. Introduction Penile procedures are commonly performed for the following three indications: (1) to repair congenital defects such as hypospadias (typically a pediatric procedure), which is usually a…

E Laparoscopic urologic surgery 1. Introduction Laparoscopy is the process of inspecting the abdominal cavity through an endoscope. Some examples of surgical procedures that can be done laparoscopically include varicocelectomy, percutaneous…

D Laparoscopic nephrectomy 1. Introduction Indications for nephrectomy include calculus, hemorrhage, hydronephrosis, hypertension, neoplasms, transplantation, trauma, chronic infection, and vascular disease. Partial nephrectomy is performed to preserve as much renal function…

C Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy 1. Introduction Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is a technique that uses high-energy shock waves to fragment renal calculi into small particles. A biplanar fluoroscopy unit is…

B Cystoscopy 1. Introduction Cystoscopy is the use of instrumentation to examine the urinary tract. A cystoscope may be used for diagnostic or therapeutic procedures such as for workup of hematuria,…