ACh degradation: ACh is hydrolyzed by the enzyme acetycholinesterase into acetate and choline. The two receptors types are nicotinic and muscarinic. Nicotinic receptors stimulate autonomic ganglia and skeletal muscle….
1. Sensory innervation: The trigeminal nerve divisions innervate the nose. The lingual nerve (branch of trigeminal nerve V3) and glossopharyngeal nerve provide sensation to the anterior two-thirds and posterior…
Elderly patients have a high incidence of diastolic dysfunction. Diastolic dysfunction prevents the ventricle from relaxing and consequently creates higher pressures during diastolic ventricular filling, this leading to lower…
Central Nervous System • The minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) decreases by up to 40% at term and returns to normal by the third day after delivery. Respiratory System •…
General Surgery Acute Kidney Injury Risk Index Risk Factors General Surgery Acute Kidney Injury Risk Index classes based on number of risk factors present: class I (0–2 risk factors), class…
(Reproduced, with permission, from Katzung BG [editor]: Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, 8th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2001.) Immediate Hypersensitivity Clinical Manifestations • Atopic: Affects the skin and respiratory tract ° Allergic rhinitis,…
Diabetes Mellitus Intraoperative: Keep blood sugar below 180 mg/dL but avoid hypoglycemia as well. Hyperglycemia increases the risk of infection, risk of poor wound healing, and mortality. For common perioperative…
Laboratory evaluation: Laboratory signs of dehydration may include a rising hematocrit (acute blood loss will not result in an acute change of hematocrit), metabolic acidosis, a urinary specific gravity…
Data from The American Heart Association BLS and ACLS Guidelines 2010 for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation 2010:122;S729–S767. Pulseless Electrical Activity and Asystole Causes: Hs and Ts. Hypoxia,…
(Adapted from Kehlet H, Wilmore DW. Evidence-based surgical care and the evolution of fast-track surgery. Ann Surg 2008; 248:189–198, with permission) Perioperative Elements Contributing to Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS)…
