Biofeedback
(1) Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK It is a technique designed to control physiological response. It involves using electronic instruments to measure and feedback the individuals…
Placebo and Nocebo Effect
(1) Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK A single definition of placebo is difficult. It is an intervention with no beneficial or therapeutic effect. Placebo response is…
Miscellaneous Drugs
(1) Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK 23.1 Ziconotide (SNX-111) It belongs to ω-conopeptides which are 24–29 amino acid peptides isolated from cone snail venom. It blocks…
Topical Agents
(1) Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK 22.1 Capsaicin Capsaicin (8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide) is an active component of chilli peppers. It binds to TRPV1 (transient receptor potential channel) receptors…
Anticonvulsants
(1) Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK These are mainly used for neuropathic pain. Broadly, they are divided into those whose mechanism of action is via alteration…
Antidepressants
(1) Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK 20.1 Tricyclic Antidepressants These are the most effective medications for the neuropathic pain (NNT 3.1). They also help with depression…
Opioids-Clinical Use
(1) Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK 17.1 Morphine Morphine is a phenanthrene derivative. The effects are mediated by μ receptors. It is more effective for visceral…
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
(1) Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK NSAIDs act through inhibition of cyclooxygenase enzyme (COX-1 and COX-2), thus inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis. Arachidonic acid is a polyunsaturated fatty…
