(1) Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK NSAIDs act through inhibition of cyclooxygenase enzyme (COX-1 and COX-2), thus inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis. Arachidonic acid is a polyunsaturated fatty…
(1) Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK Glutamate and GABA receptors are amino acid neurotransmitters present in the central nervous system. They are involved with nociception at…
(1) Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK Serotonin is a transmitter found in the central nervous system. It is involved with nociception at the peripheral and spinal…
(1) Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK K channels are present in all the cells and maintain resting membrane potentials. Closing of K channel leads to depolarisation….
(1) Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK Action potential is initiated by voltage-gated sodium channels. Alterations in channel properties can contribute to inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Voltage-gated…
(1) Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK Life expectancy is increasing and people are living longer. At the same time, the incidence of persistent pain is increasing….
(1) Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK Pain assessment in children is difficult. Pain is a subjective experience, and children may not be able to provide adequate…
(1) Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK The pathway can be divided into peripheral and central. Peripheral pathways are the first point of contact for the painful…
