Modality Age affected Factors Manifestation Adaptive strategy MN, UN SSEPs Birth—2 years Central myelination Broad, low-amplitude delayed cortical potentials Decrease stimulus rate; increase pulse length PTN SSEPs Birth—4–6 years Dorsal…
Fig. 36.1 Magnetic resonance images of an extensive intramedullary tumor in lower thoracic spinal cord with complete obstruction of the spinal canal (a), significant enhancement (b), and dark T2-signal indicating…
Clinical feature Patients, n (%) Muscular weakness 46 (78) Back pain 43 (73) Bladder dysfunction 42 (71) Altered sensation 40 (68) Leg pain or sciatica 33 (56) Cutaneous stigmata 15…
Fig. 15.1 Graphical representation of the Monro–Kellie doctrine . Any increase in a single component of intracranial volume (blood, cerebrospinal fluid [CSF], tissue) must be matched by a decrease in…
Fig. 34.1 Chest radiographs taken preoperatively of the patient in Case 1 showing the spine instrumentation After failure of conservative therapy and facet joint injections, she was scheduled for posterior…
Fig. 30.1 This MRI angiogram is from a patient with left carotid artery stenosis just above the level of the carotid artery bifurcation (arrowhead) The neurologist discussed the two possible…
Fig. 25.1 Technical ABR changes . The first tracing on the top is the baseline while the second set (second from top) was taken during obstruction of the silicone earpiece…
Fig. 19.1 IOM techniques can be divided into four groups depending on susceptibility to the effects of muscle relaxants and to the effects of halogenated anesthetics The second consideration is…
Pharmacologic agent Effect Modality: electrocochleography Resistant to effects of anesthesia Modality: auditory brainstem response Inhalation anesthetics (enflurane, halothane, isoflurane) Delay of 0.5–1.0 ms prolongation of wave V; I–V interpeak latency…
Fig. 26.1 Coronal SSFP image showing facial nerve anatomy: root exit point (RExP), attached segment (AS), root detachment point (RDP), transition zone (TZ), and cisternal portion (CP) Imaging in HFS…
