Clinical Application of Raw and Processed EEG
Fig. 11.1 Standard 10–20 system for location of EEG scalp electrode placement (i.e., montage). The number 10 indicates distance in percentage (10 %) from nasion and inion to adjacent frontal…
Surgery for Scoliosis Correction
Fig. 33.1 Adolescent in the headrest (ProneView, Dupaco, Oceanside, CA). The potential pressure points include the forehead and chin. It is important to make sure that the weight of the…
Anterior Cervical Spine Surgery
Fig. 31.1 Representative of cortical SSEP changes caused by unilateral carotid occlusion due to retractor malposition What are the possible causes for the diminished left-sided SSEP and MEP signals at…
Electromyography
Fig. 7.1 Placement of electrodes for recording EMG responses from the extraocular muscles (CNs III, IV, VI), facial muscles (CN VII), masseter muscle (CN V), trapezius muscle (CN XI), and…
Interventional Neuroradiology
Fig. 42.1 Representative transcranial electric motor-evoked potentials , ulnar nerve somatosensory-evoked potentials (SSEPs) , and posterior tibial nerve SSEPs recorded during neuroendovascular surgery for embolization of carotid artery fistula. The…
Electrophysiological Monitoring During Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm Surgery
Fig. 40.1 Depiction of electrical activity and the occurrence of irreversible cell death (infarction) as cerebral blood flow is reduced from normal (50 cm3/min/100 g). As shown, the EEG becomes…
Brain and Spinal Cord Mapping
Fig. 9.1 (a) Diagrammatic axial section through the central sulcus at the level of the hand area of sensorimotor cortex, showing the earliest cortical dipoles activated after finger stimulation. Note…
Intraoperative Neurophysiologic Monitoring for Lumbosacral Spine Procedures
Fig. 35.1 Stimulus-triggered EMG for the detection of pedicle wall breach. Electrical stimulation of hole (a) with low current activates the adjacent nerve root, evoking a CMAP response, representing a…
Monitoring During Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Fig. 41.1 This EEG recording represents left (channel 1) and right (channel 2) frontotemporal trends of density spectral array (DSA) frequency and total power amplitude trends. Recording began following anesthesia…
Surgery for Chiari Type I Malformation
Fig. 28.1 Anatomy of the posterior craniocervical junction in Chiari malformation (a). Sagittal noncontrast T1-weighted MR image in a patient with Chiari I malformation demonstrating herniation of the cerebellar tonsils…
