Bedford and Leeds recommendations Recent considerations • Careful risk-benefit analysis for surgery on elderly patients • Frailty assessment • Consideration of the risk of postoperative cognitive dysfunction • No routine…
Minimal sedation Moderate sedation Deep sedation General anaesthesia Responsiveness Normal response to verbal stimulation Purposeful response to verbal or tactile stimulation Purposeful response following repeated or painful stimulation Unrousable…
Drugs Species Elimination half-life Volume of distribution Total systemic clearance Comments References Propofol Dogs 322 min 6.5 L/kg 50.1 mg/kg/min No premed, no co-infusion Beagle dogs [5]a 486.2 min 3.38 L/kg 34.4 mg/kg/min Premedication medetomidine 10 μg/kg,…
Used on a data set [1] for propofol this becomes However for most practitioners this equation, which describes only one of several drugs used during a typical anaesthetic, has little practical…
Fig. 15.1 Diagram of the postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction with the five subunits. Each subunit contains four transmembrane domains labelled M1 to M4. Reproduced from Naguib…
Reports Reports of AAGA had to be of procedures in which the patient expected to be unconscious First reports (irrespective of when the AAGA occurred) collected over 12 months Reports…
Fig. 18.1 Oscillating blood pressure in a real patient with a frequency of about 1 cycle every 6 min. Highly concentrated norepinephrine and epinephrine solutions (200 μg/ml) were being infused by syringe…
Fig. 41.1 Schematic representation of the events leading to type 1 and type 2 perioperative myocardial infarction . The acute coronary syndrome (type 1 myocardial infarction) will occur when an…
Fig. 12.1 The molecular structure of etomidate. Etomidate has a single chiral carbon. The R enantiomer (shown) is the more potent form and the one used clinically The initial characterization…
Fig. 9.1 Closed-loop control of propofol infusion aiming to maintain a bispectral value of 80 in a patient receiving sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy. The infusion was controlled by an automated…
