Key Points ▪ High altitude or space environments present a number of extreme physiologic challenges that must be overcome in order to survive. ▪ Given sufficient time, humans can adapt…
Key Points ▪ Perioperative anesthesia care for patients who have undergone acute trauma depends on an understanding of trauma system design and surgical priorities. ▪ Successful emergency airway management is…
Key Points ▪ Most fetal anomalies are not appropriate for in utero treatment. A condition appropriate for fetal treatment should cause ongoing irreversible harm to the fetus that is mitigable…
Key Points ▪ Degenerative joint disease is the foremost medical condition leading to operations in the United States. With continued population growth and an increasing percentage of older people, a…
Key Points ▪ The use of ambulatory surgery continues to increase, mostly as a result of less invasive surgical techniques, improved patient selection and preparation, and an expansion of office-based…
Key Points ▪ The proportion of adults over age 70 has increased throughout the world with a corresponding increase in older surgical patients. ▪ Normal aging is associated with changes…
Key Points ▪ Ophthalmic procedures are considered to be “low-risk.” However, the patient population is higher risk because of the extremes of age involved and associated comorbidities. ▪ Some ophthalmic…
Key Points ▪ The non-operating room arena represents an expansion of the traditional environment for anesthesia practice with significant implications for patients and providers. As technology advances and patient acuity…
Key Points ▪ Innervation of the intraabdominal components of the genitourinary system—the kidney and the ureter—is primarily thoracolumbar (T8-L2). The nerve supply of the pelvic organs—the bladder, prostate, seminal vesicles,…
Key Points ▪ The shortage of organs available for transplantation is a worldwide problem. ▪ The discrepancy between the number of patients waiting for organ transplantation and the available organs…
