Key Points ▪ Inhaled anesthetics affect every part of physiology of the lungs and their pulmonary pharmacology is complex. ▪ Volatile anesthetics produce bronchodilation through decreases in cytoplasmic ionized calcium…
Key Points ▪ Anesthesia consists of separable and independent components, each of which involves distinct, but possibly overlapping, mechanisms at different sites in the central nervous system. ▪ The potencies…
Key Points ▪ Removal of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is determined by alveolar ventilation, not by total (minute) ventilation. ▪ Dead space ventilation can be dramatically increased in patients…
Key Points ▪ The alveolar anesthetic concentration (F A ) or partial pressure (P alv ) is important because it is the driving force determining anesthetic uptake into blood and…
Key Points ▪ The neuromuscular junction contains the distal nerve terminal, Schwann cell, synaptic cleft, and muscle end plate, which together provide an array of receptors and substrates for drug…
Key Points ▪ A molecule in the plasma must pass in succession through the endothelial fenestration, glomerular basement membrane (GBM), and epithelial slit diaphragm to cross the filtration barrier and…
Key Points ▪ Organ system maturation, from birth through adolescence, affects physiologic function and therefore anesthetic and surgical management and outcome. ▪ The understanding of congenital heart disease (CHD) and…
Key wordsAdvanced cardiac life support, Cardiac arrest, Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, Pediatric resuscitation, Post-resuscitation care Key Points ▪ Cardiac arrest is a major public health issue worldwide. Despite significant advances in…
Key Points ▪ At birth the circulation undergoes a fundamental change as blood oxygenation occurs through the lungs rather than the placenta. This transition places some newborns at risk of…
Key Points ▪ The medical literature can be accessed in many ways, ranging from the primary literature as indexed in sources like PubMed, to sources catering to medical professionals, and…
