Epicardial echocardiography was first described in 1972. Subsequently, there have been a number of reports documenting its use, particularly during surgery, for congenital heart disease and mitral valve (MV) disease….
Left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction is a common problem among patients with a wide range of cardiovascular diseases. For a number of conditions, notably hypertension (particularly if associated with LV…
At first glance, two-dimensional (2-D) ultrasound images have much the same appearance as images made by two other common medical imaging modalities: X-ray computed tomography and magnetic resonance. However, ultrasonic…
This chapter provides a brief introduction to the physics and operating principles of instruments using the Doppler effect in cardiovascular diagnostics. Readers seeking more detail should consult Kremkau’s textbook, Hatle…
