Computerized Tomographic Images of Intraneural Injection
Fig. 12.1 Intraneural injection of 5 mL of contrast medium into the sciatic nerve (anterior approach in cadaver specimen). The needle enters the sciatic nerve (a), and the contrast spreads…
Three-Dimensional Visualization of Spinal Cerebrospinal Fluid and Cauda Equina Nerve Roots, and Estimation of a Related Vulnerability Ratio
Fig. 37.1 Three-dimensional model of CSF and cauda equina nerve roots from the lowest thoracic levels to the caudal end of the dural sac. Dorsal (a, b) and lateral (c,…
Cerebrospinal Fluid and Root Volume Quantification from Magnetic Resonance Images
Region–case Root CSF Max/min a. Certain b. Likely c. Possible d. Possible e. Likely f. Certain 1. Conus 3 547 696 862 684 832 1,128 2.06 4 634 730 1,134…
Displacement of the Nerve Roots of Cauda Equina in Different Positions
Fig. 35.1 Three-dimensional reconstruction of human nerve root of cauda equina at lumbar spine level. Patient in supine position (a), lateral position (b) and prone position (c). Anterior view Fig….
Histologic Features of Needle-Nerve and Intraneural Injection Injury as Seen on Light Microscopy
Fig. 14.1 Typical histologic appearance of a rat peripheral nerve. (a) Connective tissue of the epineurium is unbalanced in terms of collagen richness, with partly altered tinctorial properties and areal-located…
Ligamentum Flavum and Related Spinal Ligaments
Fig. 32.1 Posterior ligaments of interest in lumbar spinal blockade. Different ligaments may be traversed to reach the spinal canal: (a) The supraspinal ligament (ssl), a slender structure that extends…
Anesthetic Techniques: Regional
Figure 13.1 Vertebral anatomy (Reproduced with permission from Mathias [5]) The spinal cord is contained within the spinal canal and covered by three layers called the meninges . The pia…
Electrolytes and Acid-Base Analysis
The HPA axis is one of the major organ systems regulating sodium balance and serum osmolality. Serum osmolality is sensed by osmoreceptors in the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis…
Introduction to Critical Care
where Hb = hemoglobin concentration, SaO2 = % hemoglobin saturation with oxygen, and PaO2 = partial pressure of dissolved oxygen. Global oxygen delivery (DO2) to the body depends on this arterial oxygen content (CaO2) as well…
Anesthesia Equipment and Monitors
Standard 1: qualified anesthesia personnel shall be present in the room throughout the conduct of all general anesthetics, regional anesthetics and monitored anesthesia care Standard 2: during all anesthetics, the…
