ISSUES & EVENT DISCLOSURE


•  Advance directive → instructions given by an individual specifying what should be done for his or her health should he or she no longer be able to make decisions


•  Living will → addresses specific directives regarding treatment course to be taken by caregivers (may forbid certain interventions—e.g., intubation, CPR) if pt unable to give informed consent


•  Health-care power of attorney → appoints an individual (a proxy) to make health-care decisions should pt become incapacitated


•  Mental competency → legal term; pt’s ability to make rational informed decisions


• Adults are presumed to be competent


Only a court can declare a person incompetent


Physician opinion of incompetency = opinion only


•  Brain death


• Definition = permanent absence of brain & brainstem function


• Must rule out confounding factors (drug/toxins, hypothermia <32 degrees, metabolic derangements, Guillain–Barré syndrome, locked-in syndrome)



END-OF-LIFE ISSUES


•  DNR/DNI is not automatically suspended during surgery


•  In case of DNR/DNI, must clearly document that status & communicate with medical & nursing staff to avoid providing unwanted treatment


•  Specific measures not to be performed should be clearly documented by a physician (e.g., intubation, chest compressions, defibrillation, invasive line placement, vasopressors)


•  In cases of medical futility: Physician has duty to counsel medical decision maker (next of kin, legal guardian) & explain possibility of DNR/DNI status & potential for withdrawal of life-sustaining measures


•  Medical decision maker should receive info about pt’s prognosis before making end-of-life decisions for the patient


PEDIATRIC/MINOR (<18 YRS) PATIENTS


•  Physicians must obtain informed consent from a parent or surrogate before a child can undergo any medical intervention


•  Consent for pregnancy termination procedure dependent on state laws


•  Pediatric patients’ wishes should be included in decision-making process when appropriate


JEHOVAH’S WITNESSES (JW)


•  JW patients usually will not accept blood or blood products (even under lifesaving circumstances)


•  Obtain informed consent, discuss options, & document preoperative discussion with pt regarding products pt will/will not accept


•  Special legal considerations may apply to minors, incompetent individuals, emergency procedures


•  Physicians may opt out of providing care for a JW patient


•  JW may agree to some blood conservation (special cell-saver) techniques


•  Generally prohibited


• Allogenic transfusion of whole blood, red cells, white cells, platelets, plasma


• Autologous (preoperative donated) blood/blood products


•  May be acceptable (discuss with JW)


• Cell-saver scavenging, cardiopulmonary bypass, dialysis, plasmapheresis


• If blood does not come out of a continuous circuit with pt


• Epidural blood patch


• Blood plasma fractions


• Albumin, globulins, clotting factors—factors VIII & IX


• Erythropoietin


• PolyHeme (blood substitute solution—chemically modified human Hgb)


• Hemopure (blood substitute solution—chemically stabilized bovine Hgb)


DISCLOSURE AND APOLOGY—COMMUNICATING ABOUT UNANTICIPATED EVENTS


Triggers for Disclosure


•  Interception of a potential error (e.g., wrong site identified during time out)


•  Error with no harm (e.g., drug dosing error)


•  Adverse/unanticipated event (e.g., failed intubation)


•  National Patient Safety Foundation guiding principle:


“When a health care injury occurs, the patient … is entitled to a prompt explanation of how the injury occurred and its short- and long-term effects. When an error contributed to the injury, the patient … should receive a truthful and compassionate explanation about the error and the remedies available to the patient. They should be informed that the factors … will be investigated so that steps can be taken to reduce the likelihood of similar injury to other[s].” (11/14/00)


•  The Joint Commission accreditation standards: require the disclosure of sentinel events and other unanticipated outcomes of care


Quick Guide to Breaking Bad News


•  Use a quiet, private area free from distractions


•  Provide a brief review of the event/unanticipated outcome; Don’t speculate, stick to facts


•  Be frank, but kind in your delivery of news


•  Pause after your disclosure; silence is OK; Give the patient time to react


•  Gauge readiness for more information


•  Invite questions


•  Assure that physician follow-up is available


•  Apologies:


Avoid these ineffective phrases: “I’m sorry, but…” or “I’m sorry you feel …” → does not show apology for the error, shows sorrow/indifference toward the feelings of the patient/family


Avoid placing blame


Be an active listener and signal general agreement when appropriate “yes, good point”, or “I hear what you are saying”


Practice the 3R’s: Restate, Respect, Respond “Let me repeat, your point is …”


Note: If an adverse event occurs, but was NOT the result of an error or omission, there is no need to apologize; review facts, explain findings and let the pt know it is OK to disagree.


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Aug 28, 2016 | Posted by in ANESTHESIA | Comments Off on ISSUES & EVENT DISCLOSURE

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