Structure of Nerve Lesions After “In Vitro” Punctures

Fig. 15.1

(a–c) Dissection of supraclavicular brachial plexus from the roots (anterior divisions of spinal nerves C5 to T1) to divisions of the trunks (upper [UT], middle [MT], and lower [LT]) with the origin of the scapular nerve (ScN)

Fig. 15.2

Fig. 15.3

(a–c) Overlap of the needle in the supraclavicular brachial plexus. If the neurostimulation needle pierces the nerve, based on the static images, the needle injures the fascicles. Observe the difference in size between the needle and fascicles. Otherwise, if the needle were in the connective tissue between trunks or divisions, the risk of fascicular injury would decrease significantly

Fig. 15.4

(a–c) Overlap of the needle in the supraclavicular brachial plexus. If the neuro-stimulation (NRS) needle pierces the nerve, as compared with the static images, the needle injures the fascicles

Fig. 15.5

(a–c) Overlap of the needle in the infraclavicular brachial plexus at coracoid level. If the neurostimulation needle pierces the nerve, as compared with the static images, the needle injures the fascicles

Fig. 15.6

(a–c) Overlap of the needle in the supraclavicular brachial plexus. If the neurostimulation needle pierces the nerve, as compared with the static images, the needle injures the fascicles

Fig. 15.7

(a, b) Overlap of the needle in the supraclavicular brachial plexus. If the neurostimulation needle pierces the nerve, as compared with the static images, the needle injures the fascicles. Observe the difference in size between the needle and fascicles

Fig. 15.8

(a, b) Overlap of the needle in the interscalene brachial plexus. If the neurostimulation needle pierces the nerve, as compared with the static images, the needle injures the fascicles. Observe the difference in size between the needle and fascicles

Fig. 15.9

Characteristics of the C8 nerve root. There are many compact fascicles (a) and a monofascicular nerve root (b). Note the significant damage from the needle (b)

Fig. 15.10

Characteristics of the C6 nerve root. There are few compact fascicles (a) and a monofascicular nerve root (b). Note the significant damage from the needle (b) and the decrease in injury when the nerve has many fascicles (a)

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