L Laparoscopic cholecystectomy
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure used in the treatment of gallstones and diseases of the gallbladder. The laparoscopic approach is contraindicated in uncorrectable coagulopathy, severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and severe cardiac disease secondary to increased abdominal pressures.
2. Preoperative assessment and patient preparation
a) History and physical examination: These are as indicated by the patient’s history and medical condition
c) Preoperative medication and IV therapy
(2) Narcotics must be used with caution to minimize potential spasm in the biliary tract and sphincter of Oddi.