Index


Index




Note: Page numbers in Bold refer to tables; and page numbers in italics refer to figures



  • abnormalities of

    • aortic arch development104–106
    • cardiac innervation  111–113
    • cardiac looping  88–89
    • conduction system development  103–104
    • epicardial development  101–102
    • heart tube formation  86
    • outflow tract septation  99–100
    • pulmonary vein development  108
    • systemic vein development  111

  • accessory pathways  104
  • Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)  25
  • activation of coagulation system

    • amplification phase  248
    • cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)  250
    • cell‐based model of coagulation  247
    • coagulation cascade model  247, 248
    • platelet activation 249
    • propagation phase  248

  • activation of inflammation

    • endothelial injury  246
    • endotoxemia  247
    • neutrophil activation andsequestration  247, 247

  • acute neurologic injury  305
  • acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH)  386
  • adrenergic receptors (ARs)

    • ß‐adrenergic group  175, 175
    • in cardiac tissue  176
    • developmental changes  177
    • schematic classification  176
    • signaling pathway  176

  • Adult Cardiothoracic Anesthesia Database  32
  • adult congenital heart disease (ACHD)

    • adults with down syndrome  477
    • cardiac lesions

      • atrial septal defects (ASDs)  478
      • coarctation of the aorta  479
      • created shunts and fenestrations  478
      • D‐TGA  484–486, 485, 486
      • Ebstein’s anomaly  486–488, 487
      • L‐TGA  483–484, 484
      • patent ductus arteriosus  479
      • patent foramen ovale (PFO)  477–478
      • pulmonary atresia  483
      • pulmonary valve stenosis (PS)  479–480, 481, 481, 482
      • single‐ventricle anatomy/Fontan physiology  488–492
      • tetralogy of fallot  481–483
      • ventricular septal defect (VSD)  479


    • heart failure  492
    • noncardiac surgery  492–493
    • perioperative risk of patients  466
    • psychological issues  477
    • pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)  467–468
    • treatment options  467
    • vascular access  470

  • advanced monitors in ICU and operating rooms

    • cardiopulmonary deterioration  80
    • clinical decision support system  79
    • historical and real‐time physiologic patient data  78
    • pediatric risk and acuity scores  79
    • PRISM  79
    • real‐time analytics  79

  • airway management, thoracic surgery

    • single‐lung ventilation (SLV)

      • balloon tipped bronchial blockers  566
      • bending the rules approach  570
      • bronchial diameters in children  567
      • in children  567
      • double lumen tubes (DLTs)  567
      • in infants and young children  571
      • intraluminal versus extraluminal approach 568
      • intra‐to extraluminal approach  570
      • OLV in infants and young children 568
      • single lumen endotracheal tube  566
      • univent tube  566


    • ventilation‐perfusion abnormalities  565

  • analgesic agents, hemodynamic and cardiac conduction 204
  • Andersonian nomenclature systems  117–118
  • anesthesia

    • cardiac catheterization laboratory (CCL)  890–932
    • cardiac transplantation  832–851
    • errors in surgery  29–30

      • chest tube bleeding  30
      • near‐misses  30
      • non‐functioning infusion pump  30
      • unplanned transfusion of blood products  30


    • functional residual capacity (FRC)  496
    • history of

      • cardiac MRI (cMRI)  11
      • deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA)  5, 5–6
      • extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)  11, 11
      • first successful operation  1–2
      • Fontan and catheterization laboratory  9–11
      • future aspects  11–13
      • halothane  3
      • heart–lung machine  2–4
      • hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS)  7–9
      • patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)  6–7
      • transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)  11


    • left‐sided obstructive lesions  650–672
    • left‐to‐right shunt lesions  624–648
    • management of patients with CHD  14
    • miscellaneous cardiac lesions 781–831
    • noncardiac surgery  934–956
    • outcomes  30–31

      • closed claims analysis  37
      • outcome transparency  30
      • predictive outcomes analysis  37


    • patient with a single ventricle  741–779
    • pediatric lung transplantation  851–867
    • pulmonary hypertension  869–889
    • right‐sided obstructive lesions  674–709
    • transposition of great arteries (TGA)  710–739

  • anesthetic agents

    • antagonists  205–206
    • benzodiazepines  194–195
    • dexmedetomidine  200–203, 201, 202
    • etomidate  199, 199–200, 200
    • hemodynamic and cardiac conduction 204
    • ketamine  197, 197–199, 198
    • neuromuscular blocking agents  203–205

      • atracurium  205
      • cisatracurium  205
      • pancuronium  205
      • rocuronium  205
      • succinylcholine  203, 205
      • vecuronium  205


    • nitrous oxide (N2O)  193–194
    • opioids  194–195
    • propofol  196, 196
    • volatile agents  190–193, 191, 191, 192

      • desflurane  193
      • effects of  191
      • force of contraction over time  191, 192
      • halothane  191, 193
      • hemodynamic changes  194
      • isoflurane  191, 193
      • myocardial performance index (MPI)  192
      • sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)  190
      • sevoflurane  191, 191
      • troponin–actin–myosin complex  190

  • anesthetic and sedative neurotoxicity

    • Boston circulatory arrest study (BCAS)  322–323
    • children’s hospital of Philadelphia cohort  323
    • cohorts 328
    • GABA receptors  321
    • Heart and Minds study  324
    • ICCON investigators group  326, 326
    • longer term neurodevelopmental testing  322
    • Milwaukee cohort  324
    • modifiable and monmodifiable factors  329
    • NMDA receptors  321, 322
    • single ventricle reconstruction (SVR) trial  325–326
    • Texas Children’s Hospital cohort  324
    • Western Canadian study  323–324
    • Zurich cohort  326–327

  • anesthetic management, PH

    • airway management techniques  887
    • hemodynamic effects, drugs  885–888, 886

      • Dexmedetomidine  886
      • Etomidate  886
      • ketamine  886
      • Midazolam  886
      • Opioids  886
      • Propofol  886
      • volatile anesthetics  886


    • monitoring  888, 888
    • perioperative pulmonary vasodilators  887
    • postanesthesia disposition  888
    • ventilation management techniques  887–888, 888

  • Anomalous Aortic Origin of the Coronary Arteries (AAOCA)  49
  • anterior mediastinal masses

    • anatomy 826
    • anesthesia 828–830
    • diagnosis of 826–827, 827
    • incidence 826
    • natural history 826
    • pathophysiology 827–828
    • superior vena cava compression 829
    • surgery 828
    • tracheobronchial compression 829

  • antifibrinolytic therapy. see also aprotinin; epsilon‐aminocaproic acid (EACA); tranexamic acid (TA)

    • comparison of antifibrinolytics  229

  • aortic aneurysm

    • after aortic root replacement 824
    • anatomy 820
    • anesthesia 825–826
    • and aortic dilation 822–823
    • classification 820
    • definition 820
    • Ehlers–Danlos syndrome 822
    • incidence 820
    • Loeys–Dietz syndrome (LDS) 820
    • Marfan syndrome 820–822, 821, 821
    • natural history 820
    • pathophysiology 823–824
    • sinus of Valsalva aneurysms 822, 823
    • surgical approaches 824–825

  • aortic arch development  129

    • abnormalities of  104–106
    • coarctation of the aorta  106
    • dorsal aortae fuse  104
    • double aortic arch  104
    • Edward’s developmental model  106
    • schematic representation 105
    • vascular ring  106
    • vascular sling  106

  • aortopulmonary window (APW)  628–630

    • anesthetic considerations  630
    • classification of  629
    • incidence, anatomy, and natural history  628–629
    • patch closure of type II  630
    • pathophysiology  630
    • surgical and transcatheter approaches  630

  • apprenticeship model  16
  • Aristotle Basic Complexity (ABC) score  33, 444
  • arterial access

    • arterial cutdown  283
    • axillary artery  281
    • brachial artery  280–281
    • catheter sizes and lengths  280
    • dorsalis pedis/posterior tibial arteries  282
    • femoral artery  280
    • radial artery  280, 281
    • temporal artery  282
    • ulnar artery  282–283
    • umbilical artery  281–282

  • arterial switch operation (ASO)

    • flowchart  721
    • indications  719–720
    • outcomes  723–726
    • postoperative management  731
    • timing  719–720

  • atrial chambers characteristics  123
  • atrial isomerism  89
  • atrial septal defects (ASDs)  354, 630–633, 674, 895

    • anesthetic considerations  633
    • clinical manifestations  354
    • coronary sinus ASD  632
    • coronary sinus defect  354
    • device occlusion  356
    • embryologic development  631
    • incidence  630–631
    • natural history  632
    • ostium secundum defect  354
    • patent foramen ovale  632
    • primum ASD  631–632
    • secundum ASD  631
    • sinus venosus ASD  632
    • surgical and transcatheter approaches  632–633
    • surgical repair of  633
    • TEE examination  354–356

      • postdeployment  354
      • postsurgical  354
      • preoperative  354


    • types of  632

  • atrial septation

    • AV endocardial cushions  91, 92
    • common atrium  93
    • coronary sinus defect  92
    • defects in  92–93
    • endothelial‐to‐mesenchymal transformation (EMT)  91
    • foramen ovale  91
    • ostium primum defect  92
    • patent foramen ovale (PFO)  92
    • primary atrial foramen  91
    • sinus venosus defect  92
    • venous pole  91, 92

  • atrial situs  120–122, 121, 122
  • atrioventricular canal (AVC)  636–639

    • anesthetic considerations  639
    • complete  636–637, 637, 638
    • defects of  97
    • development of  96
    • incidence  636
    • natural history  637
    • partial  636
    • pathophysiology  637
    • surgical approaches  637–639
    • transitional  636

  • atrioventricular septal defects

    • complete defect  357
    • intermediate defect  358
    • partial defect  358
    • transitional defect  358

  • AV nodal re‐entry tachycardia (AVNRT)  104
  • AV node (AVN)  102


  • bleeding

    • cell salvage  393–394
    • global hemostasis cartridge  394, 394
    • platelet‐poor plasma (PPP)  394
    • QuantraR QPlus System

      • QPlus cartridge, and parameters 396
      • QuantraR Hemostasis Analyzer  395


    • ROTEM®

      • assays and clinical indications  395
      • charge‐coupled device  395
      • clot initiation  397, 397
      • clot lysis  397, 397
      • clot strength  397, 397
      • sigma and cartridges  395
      • trace 396


    • standard coagulation assays  394
    • TEG®

      • clot initiation  397, 397
      • clot lysis  397, 397
      • clot strength  397, 397
      • device and cartridge  394
      • PlateletMapping cartridge  394
      • resonance‐frequency viscoelasticity  394
      • trace 396


    • transfusion algorithms  394–397
    • viscoelastic hemostatic tests  395

  • Blood Conservation Using Antifibrinolytics in a Randomized Trial (BART)  404
  • blood transfusion

    • fibrinogen supplementation  398–400

      • cryoprecipitate  398
      • cryoprecipitate vs.  399
      • fibrinogen concentrate (FC)  398–399, 402
      • fibrinogen levels  400
      • maximal clot firmness (MCF)  398


    • platelet transfusion  398
    • prothrombin Complex Concentrates (PCCs)  401–402
    • recombinant factor VIIa  400–401, 401
    • red blood cells  398, 399
    • whole blood  398

  • Boston Children’s Hospital

    • anesthetic outcomes database  38
    • cardiovascular surgery at  10
    • ERAS at  66
    • Esophageal and Airway Treatment (EAT) center 785
    • hematocrit goals  309
    • hyperbaric chamber at  4
    • single‐center reports  600

  • Buretrol®  924


  • calcium cycling  177

    • actin‐myosin system  177, 179
    • developmental changes  180
    • neonatal and mature hearts  180
    • sarcolemmal membrane  178

  • cardiac arrhythmias

    • pharmacologic therapy of

      • adenosine  551
      • amiodarone  549–550
      • anti‐arrhythmic agents  548
      • class IA agents  547–552
      • class IB agents  549
      • class III agents  549–550
      • class IV agents  550
      • dexmedetomidine  551
      • digoxin  550–551
      • ibutilide  550
      • ivabradine  551
      • lidocaine  549
      • magnesium sulfate  551
      • procainamide  548–549
      • sotalol  550
      • verapamil  550


  • cardiac catheterization laboratory (CCL)

    • adverse events  914–916, 915

      • mortality  916
      • serious adverse events (SAEs)  916
      • termed major adverse events (MAEs)  916


    • anesthetic management

      • anesthetic drugs  921–922, 922
      • anesthetic techniques  920–921
      • intravascular volume management  924
      • monitoring  923, 923–924
      • operator‐directed sedation  918–919
      • periprocedural planning  919, 919–920, 920
      • premature PDA closures  897
      • recovery  924


    • diagnostic catheterization

      • cardiac magnetic resonance imaging‐guided catheterization  894–895, 895
      • endomyocardial biopsy  891–892, 893
      • indications  890–891
      • procedure overview  891, 893
      • pulmonary hypertension  891
      • pulmonary hypertension study  892–894, 892–894


    • electrophysiology procedures  924–932
    • hemodynamic calculations  893
    • interventional catheterization  895–914

      • balloon angioplasty/stent placement  902–907
      • balloon dilation  899–902
      • cardiovascular communications  907–908
      • device closure  896–899
      • hybrid procedures  911, 911
      • percutaneous mechanical circulatory support  913, 913–914, 914, 915
      • pericardiocentesis  912, 912–913
      • transcatheter valve replacement  908–911


    • risk assessment

      • adverse events  918
      • complications  917–918
      • noncardiac comorbidities  916
      • patient characteristics  916, 918
      • preprocedural status  916
      • procedure‐type categories  917

  • cardiac development  83–84
  • cardiac intensive care unit (CICU)

    • admissions  984
    • airway management  964
    • arrhythmias  993
    • cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

      • arrest phase management  975
      • monitoring and risk reduction  974–975
      • post‐resuscitation management  975–976


    • cardiorespiratory interactions  965
    • complete mixing lesions  960
    • early extubation  967–968
    • feeding algorithm  991
    • fluid management  987–990

      • acute kidney injury (AKI)  988, 989
      • aquapheresis  990
      • post‐CPB  987


    • gastrointestinal complications  990–992
    • hemodynamic monitoring


    • hemostasis  983
    • high‐frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV)  966–967
    • infection control  983–984, 984
    • influence of intrathoracic pressure

      • left ventricle  966
      • positive pressure ventilation  966
      • right ventricle  965–966
      • transmural aortic pressure  967


    • influence of lung volume  965, 965
    • intercirculatory mixing lesions  959–960, 960
    • mechanical circulatory support

      • extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)  979, 979–981
      • ventricular assist devices  981–982


    • mechanical ventilation  964–965

      • airway  969
      • analgesia and sedation  969
      • fluid restriction  968–969
      • restrictive defects  968
      • sepsis  969
      • weaning from  968, 968–969


    • multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS‐C)  992–994

      • case definition  992
      • clinical pathway  995
      • evaluation and management 994
      • initial evaluation  993
      • multidisciplinary approach 994


    • myocardial dysfunction

      • decreased contractility  972–973
      • delayed sternal closure  973–974
      • dysrhythmias  972
      • ischemia  971
      • surgical factors  970–971
      • systemic inflammatory response  971–972


    • neurological complications  984–986
    • neurological monitoring  984–986
    • noninvasive ventilation (NIV)  967
    • nutrition complications  990–992
    • nutrition management  968–969
    • outflow obstruction  963–964
    • patient safety issues  977–978
    • pediatric  958, 959
    • positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP)  966
    • postoperative complications  976–977

      • etiologies and interventions  977
      • low cardiac output state (LCOS)  977
      • residual lesion score figure  978


    • quality improvement  977–978
    • renal dysfunction management  987–990
    • SARS‐CoV‐2 infection  992–994

      • clinical presentation  992
      • management strategies  993
      • personal protective equipment (PPE)  993
      • polymerase chain reaction (PCR)  992


    • shunts

      • clinical consequences  961–962, 962
      • complex  961
      • decreased pulmonary blood flow  962–963
      • increased pulmonary blood flow  961–962
      • simple  961
      • target systemic oxygen saturation level  963, 963


    • streaming  960–961

  • cardiac lesions, AHCD

    • atrial septal defects (ASDs)  478
    • coarctation of the aorta  479
    • created shunts and fenestrations  478
    • D‐TGA  484–486, 485, 486
    • Ebstein’s anomaly  486–488, 487
    • L‐TGA  483–484, 484
    • patent ductus arteriosus  479
    • patent foramen ovale (PFO)  477–478
    • pulmonary atresia  483
    • pulmonary valve stenosis (PS)  479–480, 481, 481, 482
    • single‐ventricle anatomy/Fontan physiology  488–492
    • tetralogy of fallot  481–483
    • ventricular septal defect (VSD)  479

  • cardiac neural crest  97, 98
  • cardiac POCUS

    • apical four‐chamber view  411, 414
    • atria and valves assesment  417–418
    • cardiac arrest assistance  418
    • central line placement assistance  418
    • early tamponade physiology  416–417
    • hemodynamic instability 419
    • hypotension or shock  418
    • Impella® device  420
    • inferior vena cava views  411–412, 416
    • left ventricle assessment  412–414
    • parasternal long‐axis (PLAX) view  411, 412
    • parasternal short‐axis (PSAX) view  411, 413
    • pediatric  410
    • pericardial space assessment  416, 416–417
    • position of cannulae/device 419
    • right ventricle assessment  414–416
    • shock assesment  418–419
    • structure assessment  412–420
    • subcostal four‐chamber view  411–412, 415, 417, 418

  • cardiac tumors in childhood

    • anatomy 816–820
    • anesthesia considerations 819–820
    • benign and malignant tumors prevalence 816
    • frequency distribution 816
    • incidence 816–820
    • natural history 816–820
    • pathophysiology 817–818, 818
    • surgical approaches and outcomes 818–819
    • Wilm’s tumor extension 819

  • cardiomyocyte receptor function

    • adrenergic receptors (ARs)

      • ß‐adrenergic group  175, 175
      • in cardiac tissue  176
      • developmental changes  177
      • schematic classification  176
      • signaling pathway  176


    • calcium cycling  177

      • actin‐myosin system  177, 179
      • developmental changes  180
      • neonatal and mature hearts  180
      • sarcolemmal membrane  178


    • thyroid hormone  180

  • cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)

    • activation of coagulation system  250
    • adult vs. pediatric  213

      • aortopulmonary collaterals  217–218
      • blood gas management  217
      • equipment  218
      • flow rates  216–217, 217
      • glucose management  218
      • hemodilution  216
      • perfusion pressures  216
      • temperature ranges  218
      • ultrafiltration  218



    • bypass circuit setup  212–218

      • cannulation and tubing  213, 213–214, 214, 214
      • oxygenator  214–215
      • priming  215, 215–216
      • pumps  214
      • schematic diagram  212


    • complications and safety  242–243
    • deleterious effects

      • biocompatible circuits  251
      • corticosteroids  250
      • modified ultrafiltration  250–251
      • protease inhibitors  251


    • dilutional anemia  388
    • dilution of coagulation factors  388
    • effects on organ systems

      • endocrine and metabolic response  232
      • gastrointestinal effects  232
      • hepatic effects  231–232
      • neurological injury and protection  230, 231
      • pulmonary effects  230–231
      • renal effects  231–232


    • emergency  243
    • exposure to circuit 387–388
    • future aspects  243
    • hemodilution and CPB prime  388, 388
    • heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia  390, 390–393

      • antithrombin (AT)  391
      • argatroban  391, 392
      • bivalirudin  391, 392
      • pretest probability  391


    • management issues

      • blood gas management  236–237, 237
      • blood products irradiation  239
      • cold agglutinin disease  238–239, 240
      • deep hypothermic circulatory arrest  232–234, 233–234
      • leukoreduction  239
      • pH‐stat vs. alpha‐stat  236–237, 237
      • regional cerebral perfusion  234–236, 235
      • sickle cell disease  237–238, 239
      • warm CPB  232, 232–233


    • management of pediatric

      • anticoagulation  219, 219–220
      • antifibrinolytic therapy  227–229
      • aortic cross‐clamping  221–222
      • cardioplegic cardiac arrest  222–223
      • conventional ultrafiltration (CUF)  224–226
      • cooling and temperature management  221
      • failure to separate  226–227, 228
      • hemostatic management  219, 219–220
      • heparin reversal  227
      • initiation of CPB  220–221, 221
      • modified ultrafiltration (MUF)  224–226, 226
      • myocardial ischemia  221–222
      • post‐bypass phase  224, 225
      • pre‐bypass period  218–219
      • reperfusion  223–224
      • separation from CPB  224, 225
      • stages  218
      • transfusion management  227


    • prime composition  389
    • systemic inflammatory response  971–972
    • ultrafiltration  393

  • cardiopulmonary interactions

    • bidirectional cavopulmonary (Glenn) anastomosis  517
    • delayed sternal closure  516, 516
    • diastolic RV dysfunction and Fontan circulation  517
    • intrathoracic pressure on PVR  515–516, 516
    • intrathoracic pressure on right heart  515
    • postoperative PHT  518–519
    • systemic‐to‐pulmonary artery anastomosis  518
    • systolic LV dysfunction  516–517

  • cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

    • anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery (AAOCA)  614–616
    • aortic valve disease  611–612
    • arrest phase management  975
    • arrhythmias  617–618
    • cardiomyopathies  618
    • coaching  621
    • complete superior‐inferior cavo‐pulmonary connection  614, 615, 616
    • current guidelines

      • advanced airway interventions  602
      • drug administration  602, 604– 606
      • guidelines recommendations 601, 602
      • pediatric resuscitation  602, 603
      • techniques  602
      • VF/pulseless VF management  602


    • epidemiology  599–600
    • head‐up  621
    • interposed abdominal compression  619–621
    • intrathoracic pressure regulation  621
    • mechanical circulatory support  616, 616, 620
    • mitral valve disease  611
    • monitoring and risk reduction  974–975
    • myocarditis  618
    • open‐sternum  619, 619
    • post‐cardiac arrest care

      • acute kidney injury  609–610
      • checklist  608
      • neurologic monitoring  607–609
      • neuroprotective management  607–609
      • outcomes and follow‐up  610
      • postarrest myocardial dysfunction  609


    • post‐resuscitation management  975–976
    • pulmonary hypertension (PH)  618–619
    • right‐heart lesions  612
    • simulation/education  621–622
    • single ventricle lesions  612–613
    • superior cavo‐pulmonary connection  613
    • team training  622
    • total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC)  612
    • Williams‐Beuren syndrome  617

  • cardiovascular development

    • aortic arches  104–106, 105
    • atrioventricular canal septation  95–97
    • AV valve development  95–97
    • cardiac cell lineage and specification  84, 87
    • cardiac innervation  111, 112
    • cardiac looping  87–89, 89, 90
    • cardiac lymphatics  113
    • cardiac septation  90

      • atrial septation  90–93
      • ventricular septation  93–95


    • cardiogenic fields  84
    • conduction system  102–104
    • coronary artery development  100–102, 101
    • epiblast cells  84, 84
    • epicardium  100–102
    • heart tube formation  85, 85–86
    • outflow tract septation  97–100
    • pulmonary veins  106–108, 107
    • semilunar valve development  97–98
    • stages of human development  113
    • systemic veins  108, 108–111, 109

  • catheter‐related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs)  300
  • Central Cardiac Audit Database  31
  • cerebrovascular physiology

    • circulatory arrest  310, 310
    • cooling and rewarming  308, 308
    • glucose management  309–310
    • hemodilution and transfusion practices  309
    • metabolic autoregulation  308
    • neurovascular coupling  308
    • pH‐stat vs. alpha‐stat blood gas management  308–309
    • selective cerebral perfusion  310, 310–312, 312, 312
    • temperature management  309

  • child to adult development  172
  • circulatory function

    • beta‐adrenergic receptor antagonists  510
    • calcium  510–511
    • corticosteroids  510
    • fenoldopam  511
    • isoproterenol  511
    • sodium bicarbonate  511
    • thyroid hormone  510

  • clinical informatics systems  81–82
  • closed‐loop communication  31, 31
  • coagulation

    • coagulation factors  381
    • components  379
    • CPB‐associated changes 387–393

      • anticoagulation  389–390
      • CPB prime composition  389
      • dilutional anemia  388
      • dilution of coagulation factors  388
      • exposure to CPB circuit 387–388
      • hemodilution and CPB prime  388, 388
      • heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia  390, 390–393
      • ultrafiltration  393


    • developmental hemostasis

      • at birth  380
      • clots  380, 382
      • maternal coagulation factors  379
      • neonatal plasminogen levels  380
      • platelet counts  379



    • influence of CHD  381–383

      • erythrocytosis and hemostasis  383
      • hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS)  383
      • secondary erythrocytosis  383


    • vitamin K‐dependent coagulation factors  380, 381

  • communication  31

    • closed‐loop communication  31, 31
    • failure  31

  • communication and team functioning

    • cardiac catheterization laboratory (CCL)  65, 65
    • COVID‐19 pandemic era 51, 53, 67–68
    • during emergencies  60
    • enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS)  65–66, 66
    • intensive care unit handoffs  62–64, 64
    • intraoperative multidisciplinary collaborations  60–62
    • major and minor events during arterial switch operation  54–55
    • in operating room

      • anesthesiology‐specific checklists  56–57, 58
      • central venous catheter insertion checklist  57
      • surgical safety checklist (SSCL)  55–56, 56


    • during the operation

      • call‐back communication  58
      • closed‐loop communication  58
      • critical events and subteams  59
      • not needing to know  57
      • open‐loop communication  58
      • procedures in medical practice  57
      • standardized approach  60
      • sterile cockpit  57

  • competency‐based assessment  25
  • conduction disorders, arrhythmias

    • atrioventricular (AV) block

      • complete  531
      • first‐degree  529
      • second‐degree  529–530, 530
      • third‐degree  530–531


    • bundle branch block  529

  • congenital cardiac anesthesia

    • pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics  206–209

      • cardiopulmonary bypass  206–207, 208
      • hypothermia  207–208
      • intracardiac shunts  206

  • Congenital Cardiac Anesthesia Society (CCAS)  16, 32

    • international efforts  42
    • Joint CCAS‐STS Congenital Cardiac Anesthesia Database  40–41, 40–41

  • Congenital Cardiac Catheterization Project on Outcomes (C3PO) registry  37
  • congenital heart disease (CHD)

    • anatomic evaluation  116
    • Andersonian nomenclature systems  117–118
    • anesthetic management of patients  14
    • classification of  426
    • common abnormalities associated with  429
    • CT vs. MRI  441
    • delivery room emergencies  464, 464–465
    • ENCI classification system  464
    • epicardial echocardiography (E‐echo)  371–374
    • ethics in  163–164

      • considerations  163–164
      • palliative care  164


    • fetus to the adult patient  13
    • genetic testing  161–163

      • chromosomal karyotype  162
      • chromosomal microarray (CMA)  162
      • fluorescence in‐situ hybridization (FISH)  162
      • by lesion  162– 163
      • single gene sequencing  162
      • by suspected diagnosis  163
      • whole exome sequencing (WES)  162–163


    • hypoxic gas mixtures and inspired CO2  575
    • lung function in children

      • Blalock‐Taussig (BT) shunt placement  570
      • cardiopulmonary interactions  571–572
      • CPB  571


    • mechanical ventilation for children

      • airway pressure release ventilation (APRV)  575
      • anesthesia ventilators  574–575
      • high‐frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV)  575
      • lung management during CPB  573
      • monitoring ventilation  574
      • operating room to ICU transition  575
      • positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP)  572
      • volume control vs. pressure control ventilation  574


    • multidisciplinary approach  426
    • neurodevelopmental disability  305, 306
    • nitric oxide (iNO)  575–576
    • nomenclature and database project  117
    • non‐invasive assessment of  439–440
    • patients demographics  425
    • risk assessment  443–447
    • risk stratification score for  446
    • segmental evaluation, 130 see also segmental approach, CHD
    • sequential segmental approach  117, 118
    • terminology and classification  425–426
    • tracheostomy

      • cardiac surgery  577
      • incidence of  576
      • placement of  576–577
      • primary diagnoses and procedures  576


    • transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)  331–371
    • Van Praagh nomenclature systems  117–118

  • Congenital Heart Disease Adjustment for Risk Method (CHARM)  37
  • congenital heart surgery (CHS)

    • antifibrinolytics  253–254
    • coagulation system changes  253
    • critical illness‐related corticosteroid insufficiency (CIRCI)

      • diagnosis of  266–267
      • hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis  266, 266
      • management of  267


    • early extubation

      • anesthesia technique  584–585
      • enhanced recovery after pediatric cardiac surgery  579
      • failed extubation and prolonged mechanical ventilation  585–587
      • fast‐tracking (see fast‐tracking)
      • patient selection  580, 582, 583
      • surgical and CPB techniques  585


    • hemostasis and thrombosis

      • cyanosis effects  252
      • hemorrhagic complications  252–253
      • hemostasis  252, 252
      • pediatric coagulation  252


    • hemostatic agents  254–255
    • hypoglycemia risks  269
    • minimize transfusion  254
    • modified ultrafiltration  254
    • neuraxial techniques

      • anesthesia in children  591
      • benefits of  592–593
      • catheter‐based neuraxial techniques  592
      • risks and complications  593–594
      • single‐shot neuraxial techniques  590–592


    • postoperative considerations  589–560
    • pulmonary effects

      • cardiac performance  257
      • CPB and lung parenchyma  259–260
      • CPB and pulmonary vascular resistance  258
      • lung physiology in children  258
      • mechanical compromise  256
      • metabolic compromise  256
      • neonatal oxygen delivery  257
      • post‐CPB pulmonary hypertension  258–259
      • pulmonary vascular disease (PVD)  257
      • respiratory function  260–261
      • respiratory physiology in neonates and small infants  256
      • ventilatory compromise  256


    • regional blocks

      • erector spinae plane block (ESPB)  596, 596
      • paravertebral blocks  595
      • pecto‐intercostal fascial block (PIFB)  595, 595
      • serratus anterior plane block (SAPB)  596, 596
      • transverse thoracic muscle plane block (TTPB)  595, 595


    • renal effects

      • acute kidney injury in children  262
      • clinical outcomes  262–263
      • continuous veno‐venous hemofiltration  264
      • cystatin C  262, 263
      • emerging biomarkers  261–262
      • glomerular filtration rate (GFR)  261
      • KDIGO classification systems  261
      • low cardiac output syndrome (LCOS)  261
      • neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin (NGAL)  262
      • peritoneal dialysis  263–264
      • PRIMACOR study  261
      • renal replacement therapy  263–264
      • RIFLE score  261


    • splanchnic circulation

      • elevated systemic venous pressure  265
      • feeding and nutrition  265–266
      • hepatic dysfunction  265
      • mesenteric ischemia and NEC  264–265


    • steroid therapy postoperatively in children  268
    • stress hyperglycemia  268–269
    • systemic response

      • activation of coagulation system  247–250
      • activation of inflammation  246–247
      • activation of kinin system  246
      • cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) 244, 245
      • complement pathway activation  246
      • kinin–kallikrein–bradykinin system 244, 245


    • thrombosis  255
    • thyroid hormone  269–270
    • transfusion  253

  • congenitally corrected TGA (CCTGA)

    • anatomy  733–734, 736
    • diagnostic testing  735
    • double switch (DS) procedure  737, 738
    • Fontan procedure  738
    • incidence  733
    • with L‐loop ventricles  103
    • long‐term outcomes  738
    • natural history  734–735
    • normal anatomy  733
    • outcomes  738
    • pathophysiology  735
    • postoperative complications  739
    • preoperative assessment  739
    • section of heart with  734
    • Senning and Rastelli  737–738
    • surgical options

      • anatomic repair  737
      • physiologic repair  736–737

  • consent issue  426
  • continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) 785
  • coronary arteries anomalies

    • aneurysms 801
    • anomalous aortic origins 800
    • anomalous left coronary artery arising from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) 796

      • anesthetic considerations 798–799
      • pathophysiology 795–796
      • surgery for 796–798
      • Takeuchi procedure 796, 797


    • congenital atresia of the left main coronary artery (CALM) 800
    • coronary arteriovenous fistulas (CAVFs) 800

      • anesthesia 801
      • pathophysiology 801
      • surgery and catheter treatment 801


    • coronary artery bridging 801
    • stenosis 801
    • surpravalvular aortic stenosis 801

  • coronary heart disease (CHD)

    • anesthetic regimen selection  209
    • cardiopulmonary resuscitation  599–624
    • classification of  935
    • risk assessment  935, 935–936

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May 17, 2023 | Posted by in ANESTHESIA | Comments Off on Index

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