I Hemorrhoidectomy
Hemorrhoids are masses of vascular tissue found in the anal canal. Internal hemorrhoids are found above the pectinate line, arise from the superior hemorrhoidal venous plexus, and are covered with mucosa. External hemorrhoids are found below the pectinate line, arise from the inferior hemorrhoidal venous plexus, and are covered by anoderm and perianal skin. Treatment includes hemorrhoidectomy.
2. Preoperative assessment and patient preparation
a) History and physical examination: Signs include bright red blood on toilet paper or the surface of the stool, iron-deficiency anemia, a prolapsed mass of tissue that protrudes from the anus, and thrombosis (blood clot within the hemorrhoidal vein) causing pain.
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