Introduction to Biotoxins
Biotoxins occupy a middle ground in the spectrum between chemical and biological agents (Table 17–1). Neither a living entity, such as bacteria, nor a laboratory invention, such as nerve gases, biotoxins are products of metabolic pathways that are toxic to humans. Some are made by single-celled organisms, whereas others are derived from multicellular organisms. Naturally occurring biotoxins may also be reproduced synthetically. Biotoxins can be extremely potent, but they are not communicable and do not replicate within the host. For this reason, properly decontaminated patients pose no risk to health care workers (HCWs) and others with whom they may come into contact. The clinical impact of biotoxins is arguably more akin to chemical weapons than to biological weapons; however their biological origins tie them in readily with biological weapons.
| During WWII, the Japanese fed Chinese POWs cultures of C. botulinum as part of its research into the military use of botulinum toxin. |
| The United States ceased its research into botulinum toxin as a bioweapon in 1972, although the USSR and Iraq continued their efforts. |
| Iraq, Iran, North Korea, and Syria are believed to have active research and development efforts on botulinum. |
