(1) Cardiovascular: 30% to 50% of patients have coexisting CAD. Other common risk factors are MI, hypertension, angina, valvular disease, congestive heart failure, and arrhythmias.

(2) Respiratory: Most patients have a significant history of smoking and possibly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

(3) Neurologic: Check for coexisting cerebrovascular disease.

(4) Renal: Chronic renal insufficiency is common.

(5) Endocrine: Many patients have diabetes and its associated complications.

(1) Laboratory tests: Complete blood count, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, bleeding time, electrolytes, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, creatinine clearance, and urinalysis are obtained.