Prehospital Ultrasound in Trauma: Role and Tips


First author and reference no.

Year

Modality

n

Sensitivity

Specificity

Accuracy

Diagnostic reference standard

Boulanger [1]

1996

FAST

400

81

97

94

DPL, CT

Brown [10]

2001

FAST

2,693

84

96

96

DPL, CT, laparotomy, autopsy

Kirkpatrick [6]

2005

HHFAST

313

68.6

96.9

91.6

CT, laparotomy

Walcher [9]

2006

p-FAST

202

93

99

99

CT, laparotomy

Busch [11]

2006

PHASE

38

90

96
 
FAST, CT


Modified from Ruesseler et al. [12]

FAST focused abdominal sonography in trauma, HHFAST handheld FAST, p-FAST prehospital FAST, CT computed tomography, DPL diagnostic peritoneal lavage, PHASE prehospital application of sonography in emergencies



p-FAST can lead to relevant changes in prehospital trauma therapy and management with the aim to shorten the time to surgical therapy (Table 7.2). The patients receive p-FAST on average 35 ± 13 min prior to inhospital FAST or CT scan [9]. Early diagnosis is precious as it can contribute to accelerate and optimize patient care and orientation.


Table 7.2
Consequences of p-FAST results [9]















Modification in therapy (21 %) and management on scene (30 %)

Changes in selection of trauma center (22 %)

Information transfer about prehospital findings to trauma team (52 %)

Changes in trauma team preparation and management (92 %)

Ultrasound on scene 35 min prior to FAST in the emergency department

Detection of hemoperitoneum at the trauma scene means that the receiving hospital can be notified in advance and the inhospital trauma team can modify their preparations by expanding their team to include a surgeon and prepare theater for urgent laparotomy for hemorrhage control. Based on the p-FAST results, the admitting trauma center might be changed toward the closest appropriate hospital, especially in rural settings, where mean response times and mean transport times can be much longer.



7.3 Training


US is the first and foremost an operator-dependant examination. Thus, experience plays an important role, and sensitivity drops with little experience. A standardized training with both theoretical and hands-on modules is mandatory to gain the required skills to conduct FAST or p-FAST sufficiently. This training should include subjects with positive findings.

Emergency physicians/paramedics treating patients at the scene of an accident face several challenges such as time pressure. This has important implications for the training program. Thus, the training program should include real-time simulation training and different patient positions (e.g., ventral position), where the learner has to find the appropriate time frame to integrate p-FAST into the prehospital trauma care algorithm, adopt the transducers’ position, and furthermore face the time pressure. After a 1-day course with hands-on training as described above, p-FAST can be performed by both paramedics and physicians who were not familiar with the technique before attending the course with a high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy [13]. However, to maintain this skill at the required competence level, regular practice is necessary.

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Apr 6, 2017 | Posted by in CRITICAL CARE | Comments Off on Prehospital Ultrasound in Trauma: Role and Tips

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