N
%
Mean
SD
Minimum
Maximum
Sex
Male
37
42.5
Female
50
57.5
Race/ethnicity
African American
4
4.6
Asian American
2
2.3
Caucasian
77
88.5
Native American
1
1.1
Multiracial
2
2.3
Other
1
1.1
Education a
Less than high school
24
27.6
High school
23
26.4
Some college
30
34.5
Bachelors
6
6.9
Masters
3
3.4
Doctorate
0
0
Marital status
Single
32
36.8
Married
37
42.5
Divorced
17
19.5
Widowed
1
1.1
Annual household income
US$ 0–US$ 10,000
19
21.8
US$ 10,0001–US $20,000
22
25.3
US $20,001–US$ 30,000
21
24.1
US$ 30,001–US$ 40,000
11
12.6
US$ 40,000–US$ 50,000
2
2.3
US$ 50,001 +
6
6.9
Decline/do not know
6
6.9
Agea
37.58
15.61
19
86
Chronic 6
0.63
0.88
0
3
Anxiety (PHQ-7)
7.43
5.78
0
21
Depression (PHQ-9)
7.95
6.72
0
26
PTSD checklist
35.83
16.13
17
85
Resilience (CD-RISC)
70.70
20.27
1
100
Tornado Exposure
Table 3.2 presents the results of the storm impact questionnaire. Out of the 87 persons who completed the inventory, 82.8 % (N = 72) reported being present in Joplin when the tornado touched down. Nearly all (93.1 %) of the participants reported having family or friends in the Joplin area. For those persons who reported having no family or friends in the Joplin area, a “non-applicable” option was available on subsequent questions. A large portion (69 %) of the sampled population suffered personal property damage, with 44.8 % reporting being displaced from their residence. In accordance with the level of reported damage, over half of all participants (63.7 %) stated that they were either extremely (41.6 %) or moderately afraid (22.1 %) during the tornado. Additionally, the majority of participants had family or friends who suffered property damage (92 %) and/or were displaced (72 %) from their homes.
Table 3.2
Storm impact questionnaire (N = 87)
% | ||
---|---|---|
Were you in Joplin when the tornado occurred? | ||
Yes | 72 | 82.8 |
No | 15 | 17.2 |
Were family/friends in Joplin when the tornado occurred? | ||
Yes | 81 | 93.1 |
No | 3 | 3.4 |
Don’t know | 3 | 3.4 |
Did the tornado damage your property? | ||
Yes | 60 | 69.0 |
No | 27 | 31.0 |
Did the tornado damage family/friends’ property? | ||
Yes | 80 | 92.0 |
No | 5 | 5.7 |
N/A | 2 | 2.3 |
Were you displaced as a result of the tornado? | ||
Yes | 39 | 44.8 |
No | 48 | 55.2 |
Were family/friends displaced as a result of the tornado? | ||
Yes | 63 | 72.4 |
No | 22 | 25.3 |
N/A | 2 | 2.3 |
How afraid were you that you may be seriously killed or injured? a | ||
Not afraid at all | 17 | 19.8 |
A little afraid | 14 | 16.3 |
Moderately afraid | 19 | 22.1 |
Extremely afraid | 36 | 41.9 |
How afraid were you that your family/friends may be seriously killed or injured? | ||
Not afraid at all | 2 | 2.3 |
A little afraid | 12 | 13.8 |
Moderately afraid | 17 | 19.5 |
Extremely afraid | 54 | 62.1 |
N/A | 2 | 2.3 |
Looking back, how safe do you really think you were? | ||
Not safe at all | 26 | 30.2 |
Not too safe | 24 | 27.9 |
Fairly safe | 26 | 30.2 |
Very Safe | 10 | 11.6 |
Looking back, how safe do you really think your family/friends were? | ||
Not safe at all | 39 | 44.8 |
Not too safe | 32 | 36.8 |
Fairly safe | 12 | 13.8 |
Very Safe | 2 | 2.3 |
N/A | 2 | 2.3 |
Mental and Physical Health
The PHQ-9 depression total scores ranged from 0 to 26 (M = 7.95; SD = 6.72). Regarding depression severity, 39.01 % (N = 34) of the sample was considered minimal/not depressed, 27.59 % (N = 24) was mildly depressed, 14.94 % (N = 13) was moderately depressed, 10.34 % (N = 9) was moderately severe depressed, and 8.46 % (N = 7) was severely depressed. The PHQ-7 generalized anxiety total scores ranged from 0 to 21 (M = 7.43; SD = 5.78). Regarding anxiety severity, 36.78 % (N = 32) of the sample was considered minimal/not anxious, 31.03 % (N = 27) was mildly anxious, 18.39 % (N = 16) was moderately anxious, and 13.79 % (N = 12) was severely anxious. The PTSD checklist total scores ranged from 17 to 85 (M = 35.83; SD = 16.13). Regarding PTSD severity, 32.18 % (N = 28) of the sample was considered to exhibit high levels of post-traumatic stress. Resilience (CD-RISC) scores ranged from 1 to 100 with an average sample score of 70.70 (SD = 20.27). The Chronic 6 Index scores ranged from 0 to 3 (M = 0.63; SD = 0.88).
Correlational analyses (Table 3.3) were conducted among PHQ-7, PHQ-9, PTSD checklist, Chronic 6 Index, and CD-RISC measures. Correlation results revealed significant negative relationships of PHQ-7 anxiety (r = −.475, p < .001), PHQ-9 depression (r = −.815, p < .001), and PTSD checklist (r = −.366, p < .001), with CD-RISC resilience. The PHQ-7 anxiety, PHQ-9 depression, and PTSD checklist all showed significant positive correlations with one another. The Chronic 6 Index did not significantly correlate with any variables.
Table 3.3
Spearman correlations among anxiety (PHQ-7), depression (PHQ-9), PTSD (PCL checklist), resilience (CD-RISC), and physical health (Chronic 6 Index)
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Anxiety (1) | – | – | – | – |
Depression (2) | 0.876* | – | – | – |
N | 87 | – | – | – |
PTSD(3) | 0.816* | 0.818* | – | – |
N | 87 | – | – | – |
Resilience (4) | –.475* | –.518*
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