Nutrition

Nutrition:

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI’s):

Quantitative estimates of nutrients intake, useful for planning and assessing diets for healthy people. Nutrient recommendations are not requirements but are allowances estimated to meet the needs of most healthy persons. Comprises 4 different values:

1. Estimated Average Requirement (EAR): intake of a nutrient adequate to meet the requirement of ½ the healthy population. The EAR serves as a guide for individual assessment and diet planning.

2. Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA): dietary intake sufficient to meet the requirements of nearly all (97-98%) healthy persons in a particular life-stage and gender group. RDA= EAR + 2SD or RDA= 1.2 X EAR. RDAs are established by the National Academy of Sciences and National Research Council as the amount necessary to prevent gross deficiency syndromes.

3. Adequate intake (AI): based on observed or experimentally derived estimates of nutrient intake by a group or groups of healthy people. It is used when scientific evidence is insufficient to determine an EAR or RDA. It is less precise as based on the observed or experimentally determined nutrient intake of a population group.

4. Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL): the highest level of daily nutrient intake likely to pose no risks of adverse health effects to most of the population. Ex: Niacin–> flushing, B6–> sensory neuropathy, Folic Acid mask anemia dx from B12 def, Choline in large doses–> fishy body odor. Total intake from food, fortified food, and supplements should not exceed this amount, or adverse health effects might occur.

RDA for Vitamins:

Enteral (oral) Dose / Parenteral (IV) Dose.

Vitamin A: 1000 µg / 3300 IU.

Vitamin B12: 3 µg / 5 µg

Vitamin C: 60 mg / 100 mg

Vitamin D: 5 µg / 200 IU

Vitamin E: 10 mg / 10 IU

Vitamin K: 100 µg / 10 mg

Thiamine (B1): 2 mg / 3 mg

Riboflavin (B2): 2 mg / 4 mg

Pyridoxine (B6): 2 mg / 4 mg

Pantothenic acid: 6 mg / 15 mg

Biotin: 150 µg / 60 µg

Folate: 400 µg / 400 µg.

Essential Trace Elements:

Enteral Dose / Parenteral Dose

Chromium: 200 µg / 15 µg

Copper: 3 mg / 1.5 mg

Iodine: 150 µg / 150 µg

Iron: 10 mg / 2.5 mg

Manganese: 5 mg / 100 µg

Selenium: 200 µg / 70 µg

Zinc: 15 mg / 4 mg.

Nutrients Requirements and & Assessment:

Determining factors an individuals requirements: gender, age & stage of life cycle (fetus, pregnant, lactating, child, adult, elder), disease states (malabsorption, maldigestion), inborn errors of metabolism, lifestyle (smoker, ETOH), medications, bioavailability, quantity required to fulfill physiologic roles, the extent to which the body can recycle micronutrient, the distribution & storage.

Known Essential Nutrients: Link: Vitamins & Nutrients | Trace Elements |

There are 45 essential micronutrients in humans (15 vitamins, 20 minerals, 8 AA’s, 2 fatty acids) that must be obtained from food as the body cannot manufacture them.

Amino Acids (L forms) –> threonine, valine, isoleucine, lysine, tryptophan, methionine-cysteine, Phenolphthalein-tyrosine, histidine. Protein:

Fatty acid –> Linoleic acid.

Vitamins –> thiamine, niacin, riboflavin, pyridoxine, folic acid, B12, ascorbic acid, biotin, pantothenic acid, V-A, Vit-D, Vit-E, V-K.

Elements–> Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, P, Fe, Cu, Zn, Manganese, Selenium, molybdenum, iodine, fluoride.

Trace Elements. By definition, micronutrients are essential nutrients that are required in only small quantities (mg or µg) such as minerals, trace elements and vitamins. 15 trace elements have been identified as essential for health in animal studies: iron, zinc, copper, chromium, selenium, iodine, fluorine, manganese, molybdenum, cobalt, nickel, tin, silicon, vanadium, and arsenic. Nevertheless, only for the first 10 of these elements is there compelling evidence of essentialness in humans.

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