Nerve Root and Types of Needles Used in Transforaminal Injections

Fig. 43.1

Blunt needles. (a) 22G Epimed® needle. (b) 20G radiofrequency needle (Cosman Medical®, Burlington, MA). Scanning electron microscopy. Magnification ×18 (From Hernández-Garcia et al. [3]; with permission)

Fig. 43.2

Blunt needles. Details of Epimed® needle. (a) Tip. (b) Lateral orifice. Scanning electron microscopy. Magnification: a, ×80; b, ×80 (From Hernández-Garcia et al. [3]; with permission)

Fig. 43.3

Blunt needles. Details of 20G radiofrequency needle. (a) Tip. (b) Lateral. Magnification: a, ×80; b, ×80 (From Hernández-Garcia et al. [3]; with permission)

Fig. 43.4

Different designs of needles used in transforaminal injections. (a) 25G pencil-point; (b) 22G Quincke; (c) 22G beveled type. Scanning electron microscopy. Magnification: a, ×55; b, ×55; c, ×55. (b from Hernández-Garcia et al. [3]; with permission)

Fig. 43.5

Spinal and epidural needles and nerve root cuff. Different diameters of needles and the size of the nerve root cuff can be identified. (a) 18G epidural needle; (b) 22G Quincke needle; (c) 25G Whitacre needle; (d), 25G Quincke needle. Scanning electron microscopy. Magnification ×10

Fig. 43.6

Spinal and epidural needles (details of Fig. 43.5). (a) 18G epidural needle (a), 22G Quincke needle (b). (b) 25G Whitacre needle (a), 25G Quincke needle (b). Scanning electron microscopy. Magnification: a, ×30; b, ×20

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